FRE-1 [FIDDLE]
1 2 3 4 5
F' U O N Y O L M' Y M N Y Z Z I L W Y X Y Z U C L Y
l ' a t e s ' e s t e o e d e a i e
himself is of
6 7 8 9 10
O H W B I C R L U C M I H H Y Y N G Y N B I X C K O Y
n n i a i s u n n e e t e t o d i e
o and u c
11 12 13 14 15 16
X Y M G I N M F Y M J F O M O M C N Y M, F Y M
d e s u t s l e s l s s i t e s l e s
of the the the
17 18 19 20 21
J F O M H Y W Y M M U C L Y M U F U W I H P Y L M U -
l s n e e s s a i e s a l a o n e s a
to the u
22 23 24 25
N C I H Y N U F U W I L L Y M J I H X U H W Y.
t i o n e t a l a o e s o n d a n e
u and to the u u
where:
18 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1--
E A N R S I T U O L D C M P V B F G H JQZXY
Y U H M C N I F X normal
21 16 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1
Y M U I H L N C F O W J X Z B G K P R
e s a o n t i l d
u c cipher
Word 6 demands O to be a vowel; as a e i o are already identified,
O=u, for un (a,one). Word 14 and 17 are common in French. It is plus (more). The
first word is auteu (author.) So L=r in terms of frequency. Word 8 is raisonne
(reasonably, rational). The word necessaires (necessary) also becomes visible.
The last word is correspondence (same in English). P=v because we pick up on
conversation in Word 21.l'auteur s'est efforce de faire un choix raisonne methodique des mots les plus usites, les plus necessaires a la conversation et a la correspondence. An author forces himself to make a reasonable and methodical choice of words most used, most necessary to conversation and correspondence.
KERCKHOFF
Kerckhoff (aka Jean-Guillaume-Hubert-Victor-Francois-Alexandre- Auguste Kerckhoffs von Nieuwenhof, Holland) was not French but Flemish. His influence was cryptographically significant for selecting usable field ciphers. Kerckhoff was first to separate the general system from the specific key. He told us about superimposition to solve polyalphabetic systems. He told us about the symmetry of position to glean more plain text from the cipher text. He invented the St-Cyr slide and named it after the French national military academy where he studied. "La Cryptographie militaire" gave the French a commanding lead in cryptography in World War I. He was the impetus for those that followed. [KERC] , [KAHN]
FRENCH INFLUENCES - VALERIO, de VIARIS, DELASTELLE, BAZERIES
Letter Frequencies for French, German, English, Russian, Spanish, and Italian (page 9) given by General Givierge in his Course In Cryptography [GIVI] differ from those presented in [FRE2]. Friedman's work is more authoritative and based on significantly more modern plain text. General Givierge borrowed from Paul Louis Eugene Valerio, a captain of Artillery who wrote in the Journal des Sciences militaires in 1892. Valerio published a book called "De la cryptographie" in 1895. The General also borrowed from de Viaris (aka Marquis Gaetan Henri Leon Viarizio di Lesegno) who is famous for one of the first printing cipher devices, in 1874. The General may have included the work of Felix Marie Delastelle, who wrote Traite Elementaire de Cryptographie in 1902. Delastelle's most famous cipher is the bifid and will be covered at a later lecture. Delastelle expanded Kerkhoff's symmetry of position principles published in "La Cryptographie militarie" in 1883. Lastly, Etienne Bazeries influence the General quite heavily. Bazeries invented cylinder device for polyalphabetic encipherment. de Viaris solved the Bazeries cylinder in 1893. Bazeries was miffed to say the least. His device was accepted for use by the U.S. Army in 1922 as a field cipher device. [USAA], [BOWE], [DELA], [BAZE], [VIAR], [VIA1], [LEAU], [VALE]
The French have brought us some talented Cryptographers. [KAHN] tells us about the famous Rossignol and his English counterpart. Problem FRE-4 is taken from reference [GIVI], General Marcel Givierge classic "Cours De Cryptographie." The reader can find many French cryptogram problems in it.
ROSSIGNOL
Rossignol served with swashbuckling facility in the Court of Louis XIV. His cryptographic successes gave him access to secrets of state and the court. The poet Boisrobert (who originated the idea of 'Academie Francaise') wrote the first poem ever written to a cryptologist entitled "Epistres en Vers." He was the court cryptologist of France in the time when Moliere was her dramatist, Pascal her philosopher, La Fontaine her fabulist and the supreme autocrat of the world her monarch. They were influenced accordingly. [MAVE], [MAGN]
Rossignol's technical improvements to the nomenclator systems of the time were quite important. When Rossignol began his career, nomenclators were one-part, listing both the plain and the code elements in alphabetical order or numerical order if the code was numerical. Plain and code paralleled each other. This arrangement existed since the beginning of the Renaissance. Rossignol destroyed the parallel arrangements and mixed the code elements relative to the plain. Two lists were required, one in which the plain elements were in alphabetical order and the code elements were randomized. The second facilitated decoding in which the code elements were alphabetized and the plain equivalents were disarranged. The two tables were called 'tables a chiffrer' and 'tables a dechiffrer'. The two part codes are similar to a bilingual dictionary. The two part construction spread rapidly to others countries and the nomenclator systems grew in numbers and size.
His son Bonaventure, and his grandson Antoine-Bonadventure both carried on the tradition started by their father. Both were raised from King's counselor to president of the Chamber of Accounts. The Cabinet Noir, founded under Louvois, Frances Minister of War, at the urging of Antoine Rossignol, took extra ordinary precautions (switching systems, introducing 18 new nomenclator series) was the start of Frances ironclad control over the cipher business. It still has a tight access policy today. [PERR], [BROG]
Actually it was a good policy. The Vienna Black Chamber -the Geheime Kabinets - Kanzlei regularly read French ciphers up to the cabinet level. [VAIL], [STIX]
WALLIS
England had its Black Chamber. John Wallis was Rossignol's contemporary. He was first a mathematician, giving us the germ of the binomial theorem, the symbol and concept of infinity, a calculation of pi by interpolation and the beginnings of calculus for Newton to do his thing with. John Wallis' solution of Louis XIV of France letter of 9 June 1693 put in the record books.
Their careers parallel each other. They were almost contemporaries, Rossignol was 16 years older. Both made their start on civil war ciphers in their twenties. Both had a mathematical bent. Both were self-taught. Both lived into their eighties. Both owed their worldly success to cryptanalysis. Both became their countries' Fathers of Cryptology in both the literal and figurative sense. But they were different too. Rossignol worked at court while Wallis worked at Oxford. Rossignol introduced new systems for the French and supervised their use. Wallis apparently prescribed only one English cipher and that was done informally. [SMIH]
It is unlikely that these cryptologic experts ever clashed cryptologically despite the contentious natures of both countries. [WALL] , [NIC6]
ITALIAN - the language like music
ITALIAN DATA [ Based on 57,906 letters of text in FRE2]
Absolute Frequencies
A 6,771 G 1,168 L 3,592 Q 227 V 1,024
B 527 H 493 M 1,441 R 4,037 W 13
C 2,367 I 6,568 N 4.094 S 2,967 X 9
D 2,258 J 18 O 5,022 T 4,139 Y 14
E 6,784 K 28 P 1,616 U 1,547 Z 527
F 655 ======
57,906
Monographic Kappa Plain, Italian Language = 0.0745, I.C.= 1.94
Relative Frequencies, based on 57,906 letters of Italian plain
text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:
E 117 R 70 P 28 F 11 K -
A 117 L 62 U 27 B 11 J -
I 113 S 51 M 25 Z 9 Y -
O 87 C 41 G 20 H 9 W -
T 72 D 39 V 18 Q 4 X -
N 71 =======
1,000
Groups
Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 46.1%
High-Frequency Consonants: L, N, R, T = 27.4%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, G, M, P, S = 22.2%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,H,J,K,Q,W,X,Z = 4.3 %
8 most frequent letters: (E, A, I, O, T, N, R and L) = 70.8%
(descending order)
Note again that similarities of group frequencies for German, French,
English and Italian are statistically significant.
Initials ( based on 10,481 letters of Italian plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)
D 1,381 L 500 T 337 U 217 J 13
C 1,041 R 403 G 333 Q 172 W 9
S 885 N 396 F 298 B 153 K 6
P 830 E 374 V 263 H 69 Y 3
A 822 M 371 O 235 Z 29 X 2
I 685 ======
10,481
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847
letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A 18 9 39 41 14 12 22 1 19 76 24
B 10 7 7 10 1
C 32 10 20 33 33 2
D 31 1 65 64
E 23 7 31 53 15 8 22 2 25 66 18
F 9 11 7 11 1
G 9 11 8 2 20 17
H 6 27 9
I 66 8 52 30 31 11 11 2 11 35 31
J
K
L 62 3 8 6 49 2 7 56 52 4
M 31 5 35 17 4
N 32 1 15 26 51 6 11 1 37 3 1
O 17 4 22 27 10 5 10 1 20 45 24
P 23 30 14 2
Q
R 64 1 8 8 71 1 7 63 4 13
S 20 15 1 32 2 45 2 3
T 83 1 65 1 59 1
U 12 2 4 3 15 1 3 10 6 3
V 26 23 23
W
X
Y
Z 13 4 20
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847
letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 78 5 24 4 57 36 63 6 24 12
B 4 4 2
C 64 1 5 6
D 23 2 9
E 73 6 22 4 96 62 27 6 17 4
F 10 6 3
G 8 9 11 6
H
I 62 44 20 3 20 48 45 15 16 7
J 1
K
L 2 21 5 1 3 6 15 7 3
M 18 13 2
N 10 50 4 5 2 11 66 8 4 11
O 86 4 25 2 55 40 14 3 18 2
P 28 11 23 7
Q 20
R 9 45 2 12 9 16 10 3 3
S 25 9 31 58 12 1
T 1 56 43 1 37 10
U 24 8 6 9 11 150 1
V 10 2 2 2
W
X
Y
Z 3 5
Digraphic Kappa plain, Italian = 0.0081, I.C. = 5.48
89 Digraphs comprising 75% of Italian plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.
ER- 96 RI- 63 LL- 52 AC- 38 MA- 31 HE- 25 VE- 23
ON- 86 IA- 63 IC- 51 TT- 37 SS- 31 OP- 25 OC- 22
TA- 78 LA- 62 NE- 50 b)==== DA- 31 AM- 24 AG- 22
AN- 78 IN- 62 NO- 50 NI- 37 EC- 30 UN- 24 EG- 22
AL- 76 a)==== LE- 49 ME- 35 PE- 30 EI- 24 EP- 22
EN- 73 RA- 62 IS- 48 AS- 35 ID- 30 AV- 24 LO- 21
RE- 71 ES- 61 IT- 45 IL- 35 IE- 30 OM- 24 IP- 20
NT- 66 TI- 59 OL- 45 CH- 33 PO- 28 PA- 23 ZI- 20
DE- 65 ST- 58 RO- 45 CI- 33 OD- 27 DO- 23 SA- 20
TE- 65 AR- 57 SI- 44 RA- 32 ET- 27 VI- 23 CE- 20
EL- 65 TO- 56 IO- 43 SE- 32 VA- 26 AP- 23 QU- 20
DI- 64 LI- 56 TR- 43 CA- 32 ND- 26 PR- 23 GI- 20
CO- 64 OR- 55 OS- 40 IM- 31 SO- 25 EA- 23 =======
AT- 63 ED- 52 AD- 39 3,762-
a) 18 digraphs (1,260 total count, above this line represent
25% of Italian plain
b) 43 digraphs (2,495 total count, above this line represent
50% of Italian plain
Consonant doubling is frequent: L T S C R G P N B M Z F V I D Finals in order: O E A I; Rare R L D N [SACC] gives us the following common consonant three letter sequences: STR NTR LTR TTR NDR SCR NGL NFL NGR SPL NCH RCH SCH MPR PPR FFR BBL MBR CCH R S L may be found in any one of these groups, rarely H. Common prepositions: A CON DA DI IN PER SU The Italian Frequency Table rearranged: 18 12 11 9 7 6 6 6 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 - E A I O L N R T S C D M P U V G Z F B H Q
SOLUTION OF ITALIAN ARISTOCRAT
ITA -1. MON NOM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YT GNLYJO *LSISVAS, KN JH TST JY MHOLYKEY IOY JHSY 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 GYBYY, JH AYTYLOY OI HRRYIYLN VSLS, ESUN HTS KEZYOGS 20 21 22 23 24 EZN HRRYIYKEN YV KHS QOILSTN. Listing the short words: YT KN JH-2 JY OI YV TST IOY EZN KHS HTS Take a frequency count of finals: Y-7 N-6 S-5 H-2 T-2 O I V -1Since highest frequency finals are usually vowels, Y N S and H may be vowels and word 6 TST could be NON. If this assumption is correct then word 18 is UNO. Further YT = in and YY =ii in word 11. Word YV = il.
Substituting our guesses: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YT GNLYJO *LSISVAS, KN JH TST JY MHOLYKEY IOY JHSY in eri ro ol o se u non i u ris i i uoi 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 GYBYY, JH AYTYLOY OI HRRYIYLN VSLS, ESUN HTS KEZYOGS i ii u inir i u i ire loro co e uno s hi o 20 21 22 23 24 EZN HRRYIYKEN YV KHS QOILSTN. che u i is e il suo roneWord 17 L=r for loro.
The initals are S or P. Word 23 is Suo or or Puo. But word 4 would be Se or Sa but not pe or pa. Try K=s. We should look for CHE (that) and the likely candidate is EZN.
Substituting again in above we have four additional words. OI and IOY suggest ad and dal. By frequency J=t.
The solution reads:
In verita Rodolfo, se tu non ti guaristi dai tuoi vizii, tu finirai ad ubbidire loro, come uno schiavo che ubbidisce il suo padrone.
GENERAL LUIGI SACCO
One of Italy's most brilliant cryptographers, his manual gives detailed solutions of various transposition, monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic systems. His appendix details the equations used for such interesting problems as de Viaris polyalphabetic substitution, Kerckhoff's ciphers and the Hill algebraic problem. [SACC] [The reading is difficult and a little disorganized but the digging is rewarding. ]
SPANISH - The language of passion. [SPAN]
SPANISH DATA [ Based on 60,115 letters of text in [FRE2] and [SPAN]
Absolute Frequencies
A 6,681 G 823 L 2,174 Q 346 V 602
B 799 H 367 M 1,740 R 4,628 W 36
C 3,137 I 4,920 N 4,823 S 4,140 X 127
D 2,687 J 190 O 5,859 T 3,180 Y 413
E 7,801 K 22 P 1,785 U 2,172 Z 182
F 481 ======
60,115
Monographic Kappa Plain, Spanish Language = 0.0747, I.C.= 1.94
Relative Frequencies, based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain
text referenced in [FRE2] and [SPAN] reduced to 1000 letters:
E 130 S 69 U 36 V 10 J 3
A 111 T 53 P 30 F 8 Z 3
O 97 C 52 M 29 Y 7 X 2
I 82 D 45 G 14 H 6 W 1
N 80 L 36 B 13 Q 6 K -
R 77 =======
1,000
Groups
Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 46.3%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S = 22.6%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T = 24.5%
Low-Frequency Consonants: B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Z = 6.6 %
7 most frequent letters: (E, A, O, I, N, R, S) = 64.6%
(descending order)
Note that group frequencies between German and Spanish are
statistically similar.
Initials ( based on 10,129 letters of Spanish plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)
P 1,128 L 435 Q 286 V 183 Y 27
C 1,081 R 425 I 281 F 177 W 19
D 1,012 M 403 H 230 O 169 Z 2
E 989 N 346 U 219 B 124 K 1
S 789 T 298 G 206 J 47 X
A 761 ======
10,129
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115
letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A 12 14 54 64 15 5 8 4 10 8 41 30
B 11 5 14 1 12
C 39 5 17 8 80 3
D 32 1 2 84 1 30
E 20 5 47 26 17 8 21 6 9 3 44 26
F 2 9 12 1
G 12 12 5 1
H 15 3 5
I 43 8 42 29 40 5 8 1 14 16
J 4 5
K 1
L 44 5 5 35 1 3 28 9 5
M 32 10 42 30
N 41 2 33 37 41 10 6 2 28 1 5 4
O 19 17 28 26 16 6 5 5 4 1 22 33
P 30 1 16 5 8
Q
R 74 1 12 10 94 1 12 45 1 1 6 15
S 32 2 18 15 57 3 2 4 41 1 5 7
T 60 1 67 35
U 13 6 11 5 52 1 3 9 9 6
V 12 1 15 15
W 1 1
X 1 4
Y 5 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 1
Z 6 1 1
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115
letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 64 4 24 5 81 62 18 9 9 11 4
B 5 12 2 1 3
C 69 6 13 18
D 1 59 2 1 3 1 6 1
E 126 5 23 4 94 119 17 5 10 1 8 2 3
F 7 4 5
G 2 15 11 1 11
H 6 1
I 50 67 4 1 16 27 24 1 8 5
J 3 3
K
L 1 17 5 1 2 4 5 5 3 1
M 15 10 6
N 3 43 10 2 4 21 91 12 6 1 1
O 104 4 29 7 58 73 12 3 5 2 9 1
P 31 34 1 3 19
Q 29
R 11 43 7 3 10 10 15 9 6 1 1
S 5 22 26 4 6 10 57 23 2 4
T 56 34 11
U 34 1 3 9 10 4 1 2
V 7
W 1
X 3 2
Y 1 5 2 1 1 3 1 1
Z 3 2
Digraphic Kappa plain, Spanish = 0.0091, I.C. = 6.15
87 Digraphs comprising 75% of Spanish plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.
EN- 126 TE- 67 IN- 50 NA- 41 MA- 32 IS- 27 EA- 20
ES- 119 AN- 64 EC- 47 IE- 40 SA- 32 EM- 26 OA- 19
ON- 104 a)==== RI- 45 b)==== PO- 31 SP- 26 PU- 19
ER- 94 AD- 64 EL- 44 CA- 39 MI- 30 ED- 26 SC- 18
RE- 94 AS- 62 LA- 44 ND- 37 PA- 30 OD- 26 AT- 18
NT- 91 TA- 60 RO- 43 TI- 35 AD- 30 AP- 24 CU- 18
DE- 84 DO- 59 NO- 43 LE- 35 DI- 30 IT- 24 EE- 17
AR- 81 OR- 58 IA- 43 TR- 34 ID- 29 EP- 23 OB- 17
CI- 80 SE- 57 IC- 42 UN- 34 QU- 29 SU- 23 CE- 17
RA- 74 ST- 57 ME- 42 PR- 34 OP- 29 SO- 22 ET- 17
OS- 73 TO- 56 AL- 41 OM- 33 LI- 28 OL- 22 LO- 17
CO- 69 AC- 54 SI- 41 NC- 33 NI- 28 NS- 21
IO- 67 UE- 52 NE- 41 DA- 32 OC- 28 EG- 22 =====
3,753
- a) 15 digraphs (1,287 total count, above this line represent 25% of
Spanish plain
b) 40 digraphs (2,513 total count, above this line represent 50% of Spanish plain
Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs) EN- 126 NE- 41 AR- 81 RA- 74 AS- 62 SA- 32 LA- 44 ES- 119 SE- 57 CI- 80 IC- 42 OR- 58 RO- 43 EL- 44 ON- 104 NO- 43 AN- 64 NA- 41 AC- 54 CA- 39 MA- 32 ER- 94 RE- 94 AD- 64 DA- 32 AL- 41 LE- 35 AM- 30 Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) NT- 91 TN- 0 ST- 57 TS- 0 ND- 37 DN-1 NC- 33 CN-0 IO- 67 OI- 4 Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) EE- 17 AA- 12 RR- 10 SS- 10 LL- 9 CC- 5 OO - 4 NN- 3 DD- 2 Initial Digraphs 21 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based on 10,129 Spanish plain text words, according to absolute frequencies: CO- 684 PR- 307 PA- 263 SE- 189 CA- 151 PE- 111 MA- 101 RE- 335 ES- 286 PO- 247 DI- 175 SI- 137 UN- 109 CU- 100 DE- 323 QU- 286 IN- 235 PU- 157 MI- 117 HA- 108 SO- 100 Trigraphs (top 105 based on 60,115 letters of Spanish text) ENT- 596 ARA- 229 POR- 176 OSE- 147 ERO- 131 NDE- 121 ION- 564 ONE- 227 TER- 174 ONS- 144 ONT- 131 RAN- 121 CIO- 502 ESE- 202 ODE- 168 REC- 144 ANA- 130 STE- 119 NTE- 429 ADE- 293 ERE- 166 ORE- 143 ARE- 129 REN- 118 CON- 415 PAR- 190 ERA- 165 OCO- 142 UNT- 127 ARI- 117 EST- 355 CIA- 190 TRA- 165 EDE- 141 ANO- 127 TEN- 116 RES- 335 ENC- 188 AME- 165 ICI- 140 TAR- 126 OND- 115 ADO- 307 NCI- 184 ERI- 163 END- 139 ANT- 126 RIA- 115 QUE- 294 PRE- 183 MER- 162 SEN- 139 ESA- 126 ECI- 114 ACI- 277 DEL- 183 ELA- 159 TAD- 138 IER- 125 IST- 113 NTO- 270 NDO- 183 PRO- 158 ECO- 135 ADA- 125 ONA- 113 IEM- 267 NES- 183 ACO- 155 STR- 134 DEN- 124 DAD- 112 COM- 246 DOS- 182 ENE- 153 TOS- 133 AND- 123 INT- 112 ICA- 242 MEN- 181 UES- 151 IDA- 132 DES- 121 NTR- 112 STA- 240 NTA- 176 ESP- 149 SDE- 132 IDO- 121 ESI- 111 PER- 111 ASE- 109 CAN- 109 UNI- 108 OSI- 107 GEN- 105 NCO- 105 RIO- 105 ERN- 104 OMI- 104 SCO- 104 TES- 103 BIE- 101 NTI- 100 TOR- 100 Tetragraphs (86 top tetragraphs based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain text) CION- 444 CONS- 104 ERNO- 79 AMER- 72 FORM- 62 EEST- 55 ACIO- 252 CONT- 99 IERN- 78 IEND- 72 SENT- 62 SCON- 55 ENTE- 233 PUNT- 95 OQUE- 78 IDAD- 71 ICIO- 61 SIDE- 55 ESTA- 174 ANDO- 91 IONA- 77 ENDO- 70 ONTR- 60 CIEN- 54 IONE- 159 TADO- 91 UEST- 77 ERIC- 70 SION- 60 NFOR- 54 MENT- 150 ACON- 90 BIER- 76 NTOS- 70 CCIO- 59 OPOR- 54 ONES- 146 ANTE- 89 ICAN- 76 MIEN- 69 GENT- 58 RESP- 54 IENT- 141 NTER- 85 RESE- 76 IOND- 67 COMA- 57 ARIO- 53 ENTO- 137 INTE- 84 GOBI- 75 MERI- 67 ESDE- 57 ESTR- 53 ENCI- 128 NTES- 82 OBIE- 75 NTRA- 67 ORES- 57 ARGE- 51 PARA- 117 ADOS 81 ECON- 74 DELA- 65 RECI- 57 ECTO- 51 ENTA- 115 AMEN- 81 RGEN- 73 ENTI- 64 AQUE- 56 PART- 51 NCIA- 115 OCON- 81 RICA- 73 NTIN- 64 IONP- 56 POSI- 51 PRES- 111 ESEN- 80 STAD- 73 COMI- 63 QUES- 56 EPRE- 50 UNTO- 111 ONDE- 80Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English. Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.
Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times as initials of words in 10,129 Spanish words): CON- 298 PAR- 154 PUN- 93 INT- 72 UNI- 55 CUA- 52 COM- 218 PRO- 139 PER- 80 RES- 72 DES- 53 TRA- 52 EST- 194 PRE- 114 GOB- 66 NUE- 66 INF- 53 REP- 51 ARG- 50 Average Spanish Word Length = 5.9 letters One-letter words: Y(63%) A(32%) O(4%) N(1%) E Two-letter words: DE LA EL EN ES UN NO SE SU LO LA HA MI ME AL YO Three-letter words: QUE LOS UNA POR DEL CON LAS MAS SON SER UNO SIN HAY MIS SUS ESE Initials: C P A S M E D T H V R U N I L B O F Q G Finals: O A S E N R B D L I Z Rearranged Frequency: 13 13 9 8 7 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - E A O S R N I D L C T U M P G Y B Q V H F Z J X CH LL RR N^The Spanish alphabet consists of 24 letters (sans K W rare) plus four distinct ones: n^ (counted as n) ch, ll, rr. These four additional are alphabetized as single letter consonants. My keyboard does not have the appropriate symbol the tilde to put over the n so I have used the hat symbol.
Peculiarities: The apostrophe is not used.
The question and exclamation marks appear at the end of the sentence, and are inverted at the beginning.
Q is followed by UE or UI.
The article the and pronouns he, she, it, they, are expressed by: el=the, he; la=the, she; lo=the, it; los =the, they;las =the, they (fem).
Some Short Words:A. at, to, on, by, in, up,as, if, for, like, with of E. and O. or, repeated U. before o or ho Y. and Ni. nor Mas. but, yet, more, over Como. How Un, una. an, one. Este, estos, estas, esta. this, these Yo, I; mi=me; mia=my, mine Usted. you La, elle. she, the Su. possesive pronoun Ese,esa,eso. who Quien. who, whom Cual. which Estar. to be haber. to have
SOLVING SPANISH CRYPTOGRAMS
A good place to initially attack a Spanish cryptogram is through short words that appear in the cryptogram, especially single-letter and double letter words. A single letter word will usually be A or Y with a rare O. Look at the frequencies. Move on to the two and three letter words and cross reference the plain text with the cipher text alphabet. Reference [SPAN] has many practice cryptograms with hints. And now for our last foray with Xenocrypts we look at Portuguese.
PORTUGUESE One of the world's toughest languages. [PORT]
PORTUGUESE DATA [ Based on 45,106 letters of text in FRE2]
Absolute Frequencies
A 5,362 G 724 L 1,245 Q 348 V 737
B 470 H 304 M 1,699 R 3,292 W 24
C 2,285 I 3,314 N 2,912 S 3,409 X 166
D 1,900 J 160 O 5,001 T 2,679 Y 22
E 5,441 K 17 P 1,377 U 1,491 Z 207
F 520 ======
45,106
Monographic Kappa Plain, Portuguese Language = 0.0746, I.C.=
1.940
Relative Frequencies, based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese
plain text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:
E 121 N 65 U 33 F 11 X 4
A 119 T 59 P 30 B 10 J 3
O 111 C 51 L 28 Q 8 W 1
S 76 D 42 V 16 H 7 Y -
I 73 M 38 G 16 Z 5 K -
R 73 =======
1,000
Groups:
Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y= 45.8%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S, =21.3%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T= 24.8%
Low-Frequency Consonants: B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Y,Z = 8.1 %
8 most frequent letters (E, A, O, S, I, R, N, and T) = 69.7%
(descending order)Note that group frequencies between French,
Spanish, Italian and Portuguese are statistically similar.
Initials ( based on 7,058 letters of Portuguese plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)
P 847 M 405 I 264 B 113 Z 14
C 731 T 348 F 222 G 111 W 11
E 608 R 316 Q 222 J 92 K 7
S 601 N 299 O 187 U 77 Y 4
A 597 V 271 L 143 H 60 X 2
D 506 ======
7,058
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106
letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A 11 11 52 60 15 9 14 2 18 2 38 36
B 11 1 10 5 2 1
C 60 2 30 4 39 5
D 45 61 33 1
E 15 5 48 22 11 11 23 1 27 6 1 31 44
F 9 14 13 1
G 15 14 4 1
H 10 8 3
I 42 3 34 31 6 7 9 1 16 22
J 7 2
K
L 24 1 4 4 24 1 5 9 21 2 4
M 41 10 3 4 51 1 26 1 1 2
N 31 29 35 14 7 8 12 18
O 21 9 32 25 27 10 7 3 20 4 20 36
P 26 2 25 2 4
Q 1
R 75 2 14 9 86 3 7 1 46 1 2 18
S 41 6 22 10 62 6 3 2 23 2 3 12
T 65 1 1 69 1 26
U 22 5 5 7 26 1 4 18 1 14 11
V 11 37 23
W 1
X 10 3 1 2
Y
Z 7 1 9 2 1
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106
letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 56 49 23 8 68 72 22 8 16 1 5
B 9 9 2 1 2
C 1 85 7 8 12
D 61 2 1 1 5
E 97 6 18 6 76 95 20 7 12 1 15 5
F 15 2 3
G 1 14 14 15
H 11 1
I 53 26 5 2 25 39 27 2 10 2 7
J 2 7
K
L 2 14 4 2 1 4 7 6 2
M 1 16 15 1 3 5 2 6 2
N 25 1 19 114 4 4 1
O 79 5 35 8 71 85 18 12 22 1 1 1 1
P 1 60 1 1 28 1 1 3
Q 37
R 8 34 7 3 11 8 18 4 6 1
S 5 23 35 7 4 40 47 18 5
T 1 88 33 1 13
U 17 2 4 7 9 6 11 1 2
V 9 1
W
X 3 1
Y
Z 1 1 1
Digraphic Kappa plain, Portuguese = 0.0084, I.C. = 5.68
91 Digraphs comprising 75% of Portuguese plain text based on
5,000 digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.
NT- 114 TA-65 ST- 47 AM- 36 CE- 30 OD- 25 AT- 22
EN- 97 a)==== RI- 46 b)==== NC- 29 NO- 25 UA- 22
ES- 95 SE-62 DA- 45 ND- 35 PR- 28 LA- 24 GA- 21
TO- 88 DO-61 EM- 44 OP- 35 IT- 27 LE- 24 LI- 21
RE- 86 DE-61 IA- 42 SP 35 OE- 27 AP- 23 OL- 20
CO- 85 AD-60 MA- 41 RO- 34 EI- 27 EG- 23 ET- 20
OS- 85 PO-60 SA- 41 IC- 34 UE- 26 VI- 23 OI- 20
ON- 79 CA-60 SS- 40 TR- 33 MI- 26 SO- 23 NS- 19
ER- 76 AN-56 CI- 39 DI- 33 IO- 26 SI- 23 SU- 18
RA- 75 IN-53 IS- 39 OC- 32 PA- 26 OV- 22 RT- 18
AS- 72 AC-52 AL- 38 EL- 31 TI- 26 SC- 22 EP- 18
OR- 71 ME-51 VE- 37 ID- 31 PE- 25 IM- 22 UI- 18
TE- 69 AO-49 QU- 37 NA- 31 IR- 25 ED- 22 =====
AR- 68 EC-48 OM- 36 3,755
- a) 15 digraphs (1,224 total count, above this line represent 25% of
Portuguese plain
b) 42 digraphs (2,505 total count, above this line represent 50% of Portuguese plain
Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs) ES- 95 SE- 62 OR- 71 RO- 34 ME- 51 EM- 44 RE- 86 ER- 76 CA- 60 AC- 48 EC- 48 CE- 40 CO- 85 OC- 32 AD- 60 DA- 41 MA- 41 AM- 36 RA- 75 AR- 58 PO- 60 OP- 39 CI- 39 IC- 34 AS- 72 SA- 41 AN- 56 NA- 33 DI- 33 ID- 31 Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) NT- 114 TN- 1 ST- 47 TS- 0 ND- 35 DN-0 Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) SS- 40 EE- 11 OO- 5 LL- 2 II- 1 PP- 1 TT - 1 AA- 11 RR- 11 CC- 2 MM- 2 Initial Digraphs 20 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based on 6,803 Portuguese plain text words, according to absolute frequencies: CO- 464 RE- 276 IN- 188 PA- 143 MA- 130 ME- 111 TR- 103 PO- 386 DE- 259 ES- 173 NA- 133 PE- 122 MI- 105 DI- 102 SE- 333 QU- 220 PR- 169 TE- 132 VE- 115 NO- 104 Trigraphs (top 59 based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese text): ENT- 474 TOS- 191 ERE- 150 IDA- 133 OSE- 126 ECE- 115 NTO- 457 EST- 186 CIA- 145 TER- 132 ARE- 125 NCI- 114 ONT- 303 ACA- 182 ADE- 143 OPO- 130 ESE- 124 REC- 113 NTE- 284 PES- 181 STA- 143 SPO- 130 OVE- 124 PAR- 112 CON- 255 QUE- 172 ICA- 142 ADA- 129 SSA- 124 ESS- 110 PON- 236 NTA- 167 OCO- 140 TRA- 129 DES- 123 DAD- 109 CAO- 227 POR- 159 ARA- 136 NDO- 127 ECO- 121 ORE- 108 ADO- 211 ACO- 158 DOS- 134 ENC- 126 ODE- 118 EDI- 107 MEN- 205 COM- 154 OES- 134 ASE- 105 ITO- 104 ELE- 103 ERI- 103 PRO- 102 AME- 101 OSS- 101 IME- 100 Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times as initials of words in 6,803 Portuguese words): CON- 224 QUE- 109 PRO- 93 QUA- 83 TRA- 66 VEX- 53 PON- 213 EST- 105 POR- 88 DES- 71 MIL- 61 IND- 52 COM- 136 PAR- 93 NAO- 86 SER- 70 REF- 56 RES- 52 REC- 51 Tetragraphs (38 top tetragraphs based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese plain text) ONTO-233 ENTA- 97 AMEN-81 CONT-58 CONS-58 RENT-52 PONT-221 NCIA- 95 PARA-81 FORM-57 NTES-58 TELE-52 MENT-183 PORT- 87 COES-73 OCON-66 ANDO-57 EGRA-51 ENTO-173 DADE- 86 IDAD-71 ELEG-61 ANTE-57 NFOR-51 ENTE-147 ESTA- 85 CENT-70 ADOS-60 ORMA-54 OPON-51 ACAO-142 ENCI- 83 INTE-70 IMEN-60 VEXA-54 LEGR-50 NTOS-141 SPON- 83Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English. Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.
Average Portuguese Word Length = 6.48 letters
One-letter words: A O E D'
Two-letter words: DE UM AS SE DO OS EM NA NO
Three-letter words: QUE NAO UMA COM POR TAO MAS MEU DAS ERA LHE
NEM NOS SER SIM SUA; ELE
Four-letter words: AZUL DIAS DUAS ESTA MAIS MEUS NOME PODE QUEM
TRES VIDA; SEUS SUAS COMO PARA TODO
Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters:
Normal frequency rearranged:
14 13 12 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - -
A E O R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F G H B J Z X
from [XENO]
Peculiarities:The Portuguese language uses the standard Roman
alphabet, but the letters K W Y are used in foreign words. Like Spanish, however
the cion becomes cal, the ll goes to lh. Articles drop the inital l; the Spanish
las and los become as and os in Portuguese.
Plurals end in -s; such as -es,-is, -oes, and -aes are common. Adjectives carry the plural along with the noun they modify.
SOLUTION OF PORTUGUESE ARISTOCRAT
POR-1. (156) Flying very high. BARKER
1 2 3
P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A
3 4 5 6 7
U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J
8 9 10
Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G
11 12 13 14
W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G
15 16 17 18
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C
19 20 21 22 23
A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G
24 25 26 27
W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C
28 29 30
Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C.
Set up the cross reference alphabets:
31 18 14 12 11 10 9 8 8 8 7 6 6 4 3 1 0
G C J P B R I Y W D H A X Z Q U EFKLMNOSTV
-Cipher
14 12 12 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 0
A E O R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F GHBJ ZX
-Normal
1 2 3
s a a a s e a a a
P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A
3 4 5 6 7
e a e e a a e s
U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J
8 9 10
a e e s a e a
Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G
11 12 13 14
s a a a a
W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G
15 16 17 18
e s a a e a a e e
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C
19 20 21 22 23
a s a s s a a a
A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G
24 25 26 27
s a e s a e
W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C
28 29 30
a e s a a e a e e
Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C.
Word two falls in line with my assumption = astronautas and
word 1 could be PJ= os. Word 30 might be permanente.
Other words appear uma, para, passo, espaco.
Filling in the blanks we have the following:
1 2 3
o s a s t r o n a u t a s d e c l a r a r a m
P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A
3 4 5 6 7
q u e a r e c u p e r a c a o d e d o i s
U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J
8 9 10
s a t e l i t e s a d e r i v a
Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G
11 12 13 14
c o n s t i t u i a u m a p r o v a d a
W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G
15 16 17 18
v e r s a t i l i d a d e d a n a v e e
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C
19 20 21 22 23
m a i s u m p a s s o p a r a a
A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G
24 25 26 27
c o n s t r u c a o n o e s p a c o d e
W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C
28 29 30
u m a e s t a c a o p e r m a n e n t e
Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C.
Note the -cao endings
REVIEW OF LECTURES 1-7
We have studied the simple substitution case in detail. We
have focused on the similarities between languages - especially
the group frequencies. We have attempted to show a cultural
universality for cryptography and the learning of languages.
We have presented procedures to cryptanalyze most single
alphabet substitution systems, including the more difficult
variants. We have searched for historical significance as we
proceeded in our cryptographic tour.
WHAT'S NEXT?
Two guest lecturers NORTH DECODER and ESSAYONS will present
materials on the Hill Cipher, and ENIGMA 95. I shall open up
the polyalphabetic substitution case. Remember, that the trick
in solving a polyalphabetic substitution cipher is its
reduction to simpler terms, i.e. reduction to a series of one
or more mono-alphabetic sub-systems. The concept of periodicity
will be introduced. I will cross the lines and introduce
transposition ciphers. The most famous Playfair that saved a
U. S. Presidents life will be detailed. The resource section
will be improved again by about 100 solid references.
OTHER STUFF
By the way, our class as of this writing is 109! Four others
have requested access. I thank you all for your confidence and
support. Those who wish to present a special cipher or to have
your guest lecture included in this course need to contact me
soon, so that I can schedule them. If you want to construct a
few problems (based on any material covered) for presentation in
the final "book", go for it. E-mail/snail mail them to me with
complete solutions and sources. Again thank you for your trust
and interest.
HOMEWORK FROM LECTURE 6
FRE-2. K2. (105) Another species. {sauvage,fp=ST] MELODE
P Q N X B M H Q I Q A B C I Q D K E X Q B Q O Q
P' W M R R Q; D K E X Q B Q O Q U Q I Q E Q Q M C
T E X R X B X D Q , X P Q A B K P' W M R R Q N Q
V C Q N W K B O Q U M C B B X Q E Q Q A B K C
N W K B A K C D K U Q.
FRE-3. K2. (87) (jamais, A=b) It's fun trying. GUNG HO
D G X Z Q N J D P M C J P U P L S U E' Z D
Z D H U Q J S E J S N P U Q E Z H Z D P M J H -
K N D P: G Z K U D I Q S N U , G Z H S P D L S U,
U Q G U P O Z H U P . * R J I Q U I U G G U
FRE-4. PAT from [GIVI] page 13.and ff. (130)
Solve and recover key(s).
YJXMG XBXUF JGECU JEBZD XAMNM ZDFLG FAFNJ OFNDJ
GVJXE FNNME VRJZJ KAFNB FNZAG NCUJE BNRUX OFNJG
NNXKX FELGF BJRVF NOFUI FXAAF GTFVR FAFKU FNBJE
NADXN VMXUF
ITA-2. K2. (88) ( ne, han, con) Thirty days hath September.
LABRONICUS
I D S A I K Q W P L A I K A L B S C M D S P L A
K E D W Z S, U W O U A L S R S I I S C M D S . Q W
B S A I L I I L P S A ' S O A L. I O I I W U Z W
K Z I D W A S V K A I D S A U I O A L.
ITA-3. K2. (117) (sulla, f=I). La frode necessaria. MICROPOD
G Z Q K E A F S Z L T K F Q A Q S F N F Q K G K Q
T G G Z P Z Q F R A T J Z E F N S Z M T Z J S A S
Z R A P T D A F F Q K G K Z L Z S S K E O F J F Q
Q T J K R A E Z F Q Z S S Z H F J S F M T F G G K
E O F L F J Q Z G A J X T S Z J D.
SPA-1. BARKER
Z K E P C U K Y T C Y D M S R V C T P E R A
Z P Z N D Z K G C T Y R Z K R N T D G R Y C V K
K S T P Q D P E R M K T C Y G R Z Y P Q P M P E K E
E C M K S C Z S K E R G R T C M U R U C Z S R.
SPA-2. K2. (96) (deseo, f=R) Musica. D. STRASSE
T I Z Q B J N A Z K J K T F Z N B P L T B B F
K N A G B N A G K T F P J G T P A O Z F M B F
S J G H N B R T B T I K T N Z G B I Q B
B P K J I Q Z I B J M P B B J N A Q G A O J M B
M Z I Y Z N.
SPA-3. (122) (-ulado, MZ=qk) Flight? LIFER
N S P Y K I X P U A K P Z D X P S P E X K R L K O
K A X T S P Q K D X R K R R S S I N K Y K R L A R
S D K T Q L D L P X K T A S Q X S P X P R S O S P
R X J K R K T O A S T S P Q X L S D O A X I S A E
C S D L R S C P V D L N L B A X O C D K R L.
POR-2. K2 (96) (tenta; gj=NQ) Machine Age? YO TAMBIEN
E P E J T X D U R T C J Z X G C V R J D J
X I N R S O C H C D T C V R P U C D V R J
Z J U D C T J H J D G X U M P C H J A X H X
O X T J T V R J A J U A C M C B J S X.
*O. *T R T M X I H *Q X U J D
POR-3. K1. (nossos va-) Letter to horseman? ZYZZ
U C U C G V C J F D E F W E O C B G C V S I H C L
I T I W F Y C V F U H F W F T L F R F B C H W F C
E S H I L F G I C D E G T I J H C V G R P C V C J
F V D E F W F H C V L F V F H J I S K I X J I Z U
I G V T I V V I V B C D E F G H I V V C I F Y K F
R F T W F V.
SOLUTIONS TO LECTURE 6 PROBLEMS
Thanks to GRAPE JUICE for the straightforward SOLS.
LAT-1 K2. (sallust) Wars and Victors? SCARLET (105/17)
FCDR JRBBQC OQCN TZUNBR, URPRMQC ZRHRMMQCR GRONDRMR.
NDUNKRMR UQNSNO, RPNZC NHDZSF BNURMR, GRKFDN, UQCS NUPFMRO
SRBNDP. *OZBBQOP [cum, bdghj=JGHIE]
Omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere. Incipere
cuivis, etiam ignavo licere, deponi, cum victores velint.
- Sallust
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Z J U G R T H I N E A B C D F K L M O P Q S V W X Y
K2 = JUGRTHINE
After placing the very generous tips, the solution was a simple
matter of filling in the key alphabet. Solution time about 5
minutes.
NOR-1. Cosmology. (verden) (*qwx) NIL VIRONUS (109/22)
IKPNH ERAMC KDAOA GPKMK NNKMK MEKOK MZLAG
GKQPH EVKMM KGKOK GPDAO VFIIK GHKRF DOIFV
FGNCF JPKRK MIKGN FEKGG KNCKP FDYKM PKAGN PKAG.
K2 = FYSIKK LOVA
Det som virkelig interesserer meg er ae inne ut om herren
egentlig hadde noe vagg da han skapte verden sa mennesket.
Albert Einstein
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v y z aa ao ae
F Y S I K L O V A B C D E G H J M N P Q R T U W X Z
Letting e=K, there was only one position for VERDEN. This gave
the interesting pattern ERE??ERE at letter 18. Trying the
pattern ABaCcaba in my Norwegian word list gave the word
INTERESSERER. This in turn gave ERTEINSTEIN at the end of the
gram, which implied Albert Einstein. From that point on the
solution was a matter of filling in the key alphabet. Solution
time about 1 hour.
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[updated 3 February 1996]
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[FR3] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D.,
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prejudicial to boot. And, it has one of the better
illustrations of the Soviet one-time pad with example,
with three errors in cipher text, that I have corrected
for the author.]
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Text converted to HTML on June 18, 1998 by Joe Peschel.
Any mistakes you find are quite likely mine. Please let me
know about them by e-mailing:
jpeschel@aol.com.
Thanks.
Joe Peschel
