Classical Cryptography Course,
Volumes I and II from Aegean Park Press
By Randy Nichols (LANAKI)
President of the American Cryptogram Association from 1994-1996.
Executive Vice President from 1992-1994

Table of Contents
  • Lesson 1
  • Lesson 2
  • Lesson 3
  • Lesson 4
  • Lesson 5
  • Lesson 6
  • Lesson 7
  • Lesson 8
  • Lesson 9
  • Lesson 10
  • Lesson 11
  • Lesson 12

    • CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY COURSE


    BY LANAKI

    Jan. 13, 1996


    Revision 0
    LECTURE 6
    XENOCRYPT MORPHOLOGY

    Part II

    SUMMARY

    In Lecture 6, we continue our review of materials related to ciphers created in languages other than English. In order to augment PHOENIX's soon to be published ACA Xenocrypt Handbook, we will focus on six diverse systems: Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Latin, Norwegian, and Hungarian. Each offers a unique perspective in deciphering communications and supports the cultural universal concept presented in Lecture 5.

    Lecture 7 will give practical language data for Xenocrypts commonly published in the Cryptogram - French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. [I will not cover either Esperanto or Interlinguia. I consider both as useful as advanced Hittite in modern communications.]

    SHAREWARE

    I have transmitted to the Crypto Drop Box word translation software for Russian, Spanish, German, Danish and Portuguese. Single use license is granted. Also, I have sent a Russian tutorial program to NORTH DECODER to put on the Crypto Drop.

    ARABIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CRYPTOLOGY

    A colleague of mine in Sweden sent me an interesting reminder of the historical foundations of cryptology. He suggested that I include in one of my lectures a discussion of Dr. Ibrahim A. Al-Kadi's outstanding 1990 paper to the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm regarding the Arabic contributions to cryptology.

    Dr. Al-Kadi reported on the Arabic scientist by the name of Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Is-haq ibn as Sabbah ibn 'omran ibn Ismail Al- Kindi, who authored a book on cryptology the "Risalah fi Istikhraj al-Mu'amma" (Manuscript for the Deciphering Cryptographic Messages) circa 750 AD. Al-Kindi introduced cryptanalysis techniques, classification of ciphers, Arabic Phonetics and Syntax and most importantly described the use of several statistical techniques for cryptanalysis. [This book apparently antedates other cryptology references by 300 years.] [It also predates writings on probability and statistics by Pascal and Fermat by nearly 800 years.]

    Dr. Al-Kadi also reported on the mathematical writings of Al- Khwarizmi (780-847) who introduced common technical terms such as 'zero', 'cipher', 'algorithm', 'algebra' and 'Arabic numerals.' The decimal number system and the concept of zero were originally developed in India.

    The Arabs translated in the early ninth century, Brahmagupta's "Siddharta" from Sanscrit into Arabic. The new numerals were quickly adopted through-out the Islamic empire from China to Spain. Translations of Al-Khwarizmi's book on arithmetic by Robert of Chester, John of Halifax and the Italian Leonardo of Pisa, aka Fibonacci strongly advocated the use of Arabic numerals over the previous Roman Standard Numerals (I,V,X,C,D,M).

    The Roman system was very cumbersome because there was no concept of zero or (empty space). The concept of zero which we all think of as natural was just the opposite in medieval Europe. In Sanscrit, the zero was called "sunya" or "empty". The Arabs translated the Indian into the Arabic equivalent "sifr". Europeans adopted the concept and symbol but not name, but transformed it into Latin equivalent "cifra" and "cephirium" {Fibonnaci did this}. The Italian equivalent of these words "zefiro", "zefro" and "zevero". The latter was shortened to "Zero".

    The French formed the word "chiffre" and conceded the Italian word "zero". The English used "zero" and "Cipher" from the word ciphering as a means of computing. The Germans used the words "ziffer" and "chiffer".

    The concept of zero or sifr or cipher was so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say "talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher". Cipher came to mean concealment of clear messages or simply encryption. Dr. Al-Kadi concluded that the Arabic word sifr, for the digit zero, developed into the European technical term for encryption. [KADI], [ALKA], [MRAY], [YOUS], [BADE] , [NIC7]

    NOTES ON RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

    Reference [DAVI] gives one of the better breakdowns of the modern Russian Alphabet (Soviet, post 1918) for solving Russian Cryptograms in "The Cryptogram".

    Friedman presents detailed Russian cryptographic data in Volume 2 of his Military Cryptanalytics series. [FR2]

    A prime difficulty for English speaking students of Russian is the scarcity of linguistic cognates in the two languages. Russian is more complex than other romantic languages which have many common word derivatives. The highly inflected Russian grammar aids rather than hinders the cryptographer by supplying him with valuable tools for decrypting.

    My keyboard and supporting software does not permit a comfortable translation of the Cyrillic, so I refer you to the September-October 1976 Cryptogram for a survey of Russian and several Xenocrypt examples.

    RUSSIAN KRIPTOGRAMMA COLLECTION

    ELINT

    Radio communications can be heard which vary in frequency from below the broadcast band, to almost the upper edge of the radio spectrum (Ku-band satellite communications.) Common bands are:

    Whereas, VHF and UHF frequency ranges are occupied by cellular phones, police, fire and government communications, the bulk of HF region is devoted to COMINT signals. You should be able to hear traffic from all over the globe, rather than the 50-75 mile limit on the VHF and UHF bands. Three types of HF radio communications may be heard/intercepted: continuous wave (CW/Morse Code), single side band (SSB), and radio teletype (RTTY). The Cubans seem to favor the latter form of communication, especially from their revitalized center at Lourdes.

    Tom Roach [ROAC] has been monitoring Russian messages for some time. He uses a Watkins-Johnson HF-1000 receiver, a Rhombic antenna, a Singer MT-5 Spectrum Analyzer, a Universal M-7000 decoder ( allows viewing the Russian in its native Cyrillic alphabet) a Sony TCD-07 recorder, and Hitachi V-302F Oscilloscope with X/Y tuning capability for RTTY communications.

    [ROAC] suggests that the best hunting grounds for Russian RTTY traffic are:
    [ROAC] provides the reader with common abbreviations used in Russian RTTY and Morse traffic. His book describes the delicate art (and guess work required) in traffic analysis of Russian Kriptogramma messages between ship to shore.

    Roach has identified several types of Russian messages:

    Other types of messages [ROAC] identified DISP/1 to report 
disposition of ships, PAGODA messages for weather reports, MORE messages to 
report administrative and sea conditions, Personal Itinerary, Fuel related, 10 
slash, PARTI messages to discuss status of ship's holds and bunkers.

    

    

    RUSSKAYA KRIPTOLOGIA 
HISTORICA
    

    Russian achievements in the art of cryptography rank first rate to say the 
least. Three of my favorite cipher Russian systems are: 1) Nihilist, 2) VIC - 
Disruption (aka straddling bipartite monoalphabetic substitution 
super-enciphered by modified double transposition) and 3) the One-Time Pad. Each 
of these systems introduced tactical advantages for adverse communication and 
had limited disadvantages for their service.

    

    

    NIHILIST SUBSTITUTION
    

    For some reason, Russian prisoners were not allowed computers in their cells. 
Inmates were forbidden to talk, and to outwit their jailers they invented a 
"knock" system to indicate the rows and columns of a simple checkerboard 
(Polybius square at 5x5 for English or 6x6 for 35 Russian letters). For ex: 
    
                      1  2  3  4  5

                   1  U  N  Ij T  E
                   2  D  S  A  O  F      KW=United States Of
                   3  M  R  C  B  G          America
                   4  H  K  L  P  Q      i/j = same cell
                   5  V  W  X  Y  Z      repeats omitted


PT: g o t   a   c i g a r e t t e ?
CT: 35 24 14 23 33   13 35 23 32 15    14 14 15


    Prisoners memorized the proper numbers and "talked" at about 10-15 
words per minute. One of the advantages was that it afforded communication by a 
great variety of media - anything that could be dotted, knotted, pierced, 
flashed or indicate numerals in any way could be used. The innocuous letter was 
always suspicious. [KAH1]

    Cipher text letters were indicated by the number of letters written together; 
breaks in count by spaces in handwriting; upstrokes, downstrokes, thumbnail 
prints, all subtly used to bootleg secrets in and out of prisons. The system was 
universal in penal institutions. American POW's used it in Vietnam. [LEWY], 
[SOLZ]

    Transposition of the KW provided a further mixed alphabet:
    
                     B L A C K S M I T H
                     D E F G N O P Q R U
                     V W X Y Z 

taken off by columns:


B D V L E W A F X C G Y K N Z S O M P I Q T R H U


The Polybius square would be:
                      1  2  3  4  5

                   1  B  D  V  L  E
                   2  W  A  F  X  C
                   3  G  Y  K  N  Z
                   4  S  O  M  P  I
                   5  Q  T  R  H  U

    The Nihilists, so named for their opposition to the czarist regime, 
added a repeating numerical KW . Making the cipher a periodic similar to the 
Vigenere but with additional weaknesses.

    
Let KW = ARISE     22 53 45 41 15


PT:   bomb winter palace
NT:   11 42 43 11 21 45 34 52 15 53 44 22 14 22 25 15
Key:  22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22

CT:   33 97 88 52 36   67 87 97 56 68   66 75 59 63 40   37



or with bifurcation:


      33978  85236  67879  75668  66755  96340  37774

            nulls=774

    

    

    NIHILIST TRANSPOSITION
    

    A simpler form of the Nihilist was in double transposition. The plain-text 
was written in by rows (or diagonals); a keyword switched the rows; a same or 
different keyword switched the columns, and the resulting cipher text was 
removed by columns or by one of forty (40) or more routes out of the square.
    
ex:    KW = SCOTIA   or  524631

PT:  let us hear from you at once concerning jewels xxxx



   Transpose by Columns                Transpose by Rows

    S  C  O  T  I  A
    5  2  4  6  3  1                       1  2  3  4  5  6

1   S  E  U  H  T  L  (let us h)      S 5  E  U  J  W  T  O
2   R  A  F  O  R  E                  C 2  R  A  F  O  R  E
3   A  Y  U  T  O  M                  O 4  A  N  E  B  C  O
4   A  N  E  B  C  O                  T 6  X  L  X  X  S  E
5   E  U  J  W  T  O                  I 3  A  Y  U  T  O  M
6   X  L  X  X  S  E                  A 1  S  E  U  H  T  L

    X= bad choice for nulls

    The resulting cryptogram: 
    

E U J W T   O R A F O   R E A N E    B C O X L   X X S E A

Y U T O M   S E U H T    L.

    (message length and 5th group are entries to solution)

    Clues to cryptanalysis of the Nihilist systems were reconstructing the 
routes, evenness of distribution of vowels, period determination and 
digram/trigram frequency in cipher text. The USA Army for many years used a 
similar system. Reference [COUR] discusses the U.S. Army Double Transposition 
Cipher in detail.

    

    

    VIC-DISRUPTION CIPHER
    

    The Vic-Disruption Cipher brought the old Nihilist Substitution to a peak of 
perfection. It merged the straddling checkerboard with the one-time key. It 
increased the efficiency of the checkerboard by specifically giving the high 
frequency letters (O,S,N,E,A; P,G ) the single digits (along with two low 
frequency letters). The seven letters: 'snegopa' comprise about 40% of normal 
Russian text. Let me focus on interesting elements.

    STRADDLING BIPARTITE MONOALPHABETIC SUBSTITUTION SUPER- ENCIPHERED BY 
MODIFIED DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION or simply, VIC - DISRUPTION or just "VIC."

    The VIC algorithm is described as follows:
    The plain text is encoded by a 
Substitution Table (ST). The intermediate cipher text [ICT] is then passed 
through two (2) transposition tables (TT1 and TT2), each performing a different 
transposition on the ICT.

    TT1 performs a simple columnar transposition: the ICT is placed in TT1 by 
rows and removed by columns in the order of TT1's columnar key and transcribed 
into TT2.

    TT2 is vertically partitioned into Disruption , or D areas. These partitions 
are formed by diagonals extending down the table to the right boundary in 
columnar key order. The first D area begins under column keynumber 1 and extends 
down to the right border of TT2. A row is skipped. The second D area starts 
under keynumber 2. The process continues for the entire key. The number of rows 
in TT2 .ne. TT1 and is calculated by dividing the number of cipher text input 
digits by the width of the table.

    The ICT from TT1 is inscribed into TT2 horizontally from left to right 
skipping the D areas. When all the non D area is filled , then the D areas are 
filled in the same way. The cipher text is removed by column per key order 
without regard to the D areas.

    

    

    KEYS
    

    The VIC system used four memorized keys. Key 1 - the date of WWII victory 
over Japan - 3/9/1945; Key 2 - the sequence of 5 numbers like pi - 3.1415; Key 3 
- the first 20 letters of the "Lone Accordion", or famous Russian song/poem, and 
Key 4 - the agent number, say 7. Key 1 was changed regularly. Key 4 was changed 
irregularly.

    

    

    DISRUPTION ALGORITHM
    

    The keys were used to generate the keys for transposition and the coordinates 
for a checkerboard for substitution through a complex LRE (Left to right 
enumeration) logic. The process injected an arbitrary 5 number group into the 
cipher text which strongly influenced the end result. This group changed from 
message to message, so the enciphering keys (and cipher text) would bear no 
exploitable relationship to each other. Not only did TT1 and TT2 keys differ but 
also the widths of the blocks did as well.

    The coordinates kept changing. The D areas prevented the analyst from back 
derivation of the first TT1. The D areas increased the difficulty of finding the 
pattern and the straddling effect on the checkerboard increased the difficulty 
of frequency counts. Although not impossible to break, in practice a tough 
monkey indeed. The FBI failed for four years to solve it.

    

    

    KEY GENERATION
    

    All arithmetic was done modulo 10, without carrying or borrowing.

    An English ST table might look like this: 
    

               4  9  1  6  0  8  5  2  3  7

               R  E  A  S  O  N  b

            2  B  C  D  F  G  H  J  K  L  M

            3  P  Q  I  U  V  W  X  T  Z  1

            7  3  5  7  9  .  ,  b  $  %  -

    b = space character

    top line are among most frequent English letters similar to 'SNEGOPAD' in 
Russian.

    Ambiguity in decipherment is reduced because the last three slots in the 
first row are empty and the first coordinate of the two coordinate characters is 
unique.

    [VOGE] gives a detailed look at the key generation recursion mathematics for 
this cipher. It describes the LRE (left to right enumeration) process in 
nauseating detail.

    The TT1 and TT2 are built up on the recursion sequence X(i+5) = X(i) + X(i+1) 
for i = 1,5 using mod 10 math. Key 1 was used to insert at end of message (5th 
unit in this example). Key 1 was also the initial point for a series of 
manipulations with Key 2,3,and 4.

    

    

    RUSSIAN IMPROVEMENTS
    

    Hayhanen incorporated some nasty refinements. Before encipherment, the plain 
text was bifurcated and the two halves switched so that the standard beginnings 
and endings could not be identified. The ST contained a 'message starts' 
character. The ST was extended to ASCII characters. The VIC encipherment 
consisted of one round. After 1970, with the advent of programmable hand 
calculators, a multiple round version was produced.

    

    

    MERITS
    

    Consisting of simple enough elements, this cipher is one tough monkey.

    The complication in substitution was the straddling device on the 
checkerboard. The irregular alternating of coordinates of two different lengths 
makes it harder for cryptanalysis by dividing the list into proper pairs and 
singletons.

    The complication in the transposition was the Disruption areas. D areas 
blocked the reconstruction of the first tableau. A correct sorting of the 
columns is forestalled by the D areas. The 
cipher text is only 62% increased over plain text because of the high frequency 
letters in the first row of the ST.

    

    

    ONE-TIME PAD REVISITED
    

    The One-Time Pad was covered in LECTURE 3 and we are reminded that it is 
truly an unbreakable cipher system. There are many descriptions of this cipher. 
Bruce Schneier's discussions are quite relevant. [SCHN] , [SCH2]

    

    

    FRESH KEY DRAWBACK
    

    The One-Time Pad has a drawback - the quantities of fresh key required. For 
military messages in the field (a fluid situation) a practical limit is reached. 
It is impossible to produce and distribute sufficient fresh key to the units. 
During WWII, the US Army's European theater HQs transmitted, even before the 
Normandy invasion, 2 million five (5) letter code groups a day! It would have 
therefore consumed 10 million letters of key every 24 hours - the equivalent of 
a shelf of 20 average books. [SCHN]

    

    

    RANDOMNESS
    The real issue for the 
One-Time Pad, is that the keys must be truly random. Attacks against the 
One-Time Pad must be against the method used to generate the key itself. Pseudo- 
random number generators don't count; often they have nonrandom properties. 
Reference [SCHN] Chapter 15, discusses in detail random sequence generators and 
stream cipher. [SCHN], [KAHN], [RHEE]

    

    

    CHINESE CRYPTOGRAPHY
    

    

    ENCIPHERING
    Dr. August suggests that 
the Four Corner System and the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System lend themselves 
to manual cryptographic treatment. His treatment of these two systems is easier 
to understand than some military texts on the subject. [AUG1] 
    

                                3
                           Xj = U  v1         eq 1
                               1-3

    This union is called an asymmetric code.

    The Four Corner System encodes characters into several generic shapes. Each 
character is broken into four (4) quadrants, and assigned a digit to the generic 
shape that best corresponds to the actual shape.

    The Chinese Phonetic Alphabet is Pinyin with symbols instead of English 
letters. Each symbol corresponds to one of 37 ordered phonetic sounds. The 21 
initial, 3 medial and 13 finals are a unique ordered set - a true alphabet.

    The strength of encryption of Chinese is dependent on the specific Chinese 
encoding character schemes. Three cases are:
    

    

    

    CRYPTANALYSIS OF CHINESE CIPHERS
    

    A) Phonetic Alphabet:

    
12.6   7   5.7  4.8     4.2   3.8   3.4    3   2.9 2.8 2.4  2.2
 I     U    D   ENG/E   an/en  SH   X/ZH   J/u  G   O   ao   H

2.1   2           1.9  1.8   1.6    1.4  1.3   1.2  1.1
ang   a/b/ai/B/z   ei   Q    ou/M    ie   L     F    R


0.8   0.7  0.6    0.3  0.1
 t    n/c   ch    k/s   p/el


Initials: sh, d

Medials:  i

Finals:  e, en, eng, in, un, ing, ong

Phi for monalphabetic substitution = 0.051
        (random text = 0.027)

Common Digraphs: 
       ji, ieng, ueng, gu, de, ian, iie, li, ien,
       qi, xi, uo, izh, zu, shi


    Positional Limitations:
    

       1.  Initials follow a medial or final.
       2.  Finals follow an initial or medial.
       3.  [zh, ch, sh ] do not combine with i or u'.
       4.  [ j, q, x ]  do not combine with  a or e  finals.
       5.  qa, qan  = no but quan, qian, qia = yes
       6.  no double phonetics in a single codeword.
       7.  medials double frequently.
       8.  13 limits on combinations within a codeword.

    Approximately 63% of characters require 2 phonetic symbols. About 
1/3 were three long, and about 4% are one symbol.

    Tone indicator digits were about 22--23% likely.

    

    B) Four Corner
    Digital frequencies:  0  =  .30
                      1  =  .14
                      2  =  .15
                      3  =  .07
                      4  =  .10
                      5  =  .03
                      6  =  .07
                      7  =  .08
                      8  =  .04
                      9  =  .02

    Phi value = 0.160 compared to random text value of 0.100

    Dr. August presents a table of digraphs. [AUG2] Combinations of Xn - Ym where 
n= 0-9 and m=0,1,2,3,4,7 showed highest frequencies of text encoded with 5 digit 
scheme.

    

    

    DEPENDENCE
    In Chinese there is more 
dependence between encoding and enciphering operations than in English. The 
choice of the encoding system influences the type of enciphering operations. Dr. 
August provides solved examples of the above systems. [AUG2] 

    

    HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
    China 
appears to have had a much delayed entry into the cipher business. Partially 
because so many Chinese did not read or write, and partially because the 
language was so complex, Chinese cryptography was limited until the 19 century. 
But there were seeds.

    The Chinese strategist Sun Tzu (500 b.c.) recommended a true but small code, 
which limited the plaintext to 40 elements and assigned them to the first 40 
characters of a poem, forming a substitution table. Richard Deacon describes a 
method of code encryption which the secret society Triads used in the early 
1800's. [DEAC] The Tong's in San Francisco used the same system. This method 
limited the plaintext space and based codewords on multiples of three.

    The "Inner Ring" techniques taught to Sa Bu Nim's (teachers) by the masters 
of Korean Tae Kwon Do (which came from the Ancient Tae Kwan and before that Kung 
Fu) were passed on by means of codeword transposition ciphers. [CHOI] In 1985, 
Sun Yat-Sen used codes to transmit information by telegraph. [TUKK]) During 
WWII, Herbert Yardley taught Kuomintang soldiers to cryptanalyze Japanese 
ciphers. However, the Japanese had already outpaced the Chinese in 
cryptanalytical abilities.

    Japan's Chuo tokujobu (Central Bureau Of Signal Intelligence) was responsible 
for crypto-communication and signal intelligence, including cryptanalysis, 
translation, interception, and direction finding against the Soviet Union, China 
and Britain. It began operations in 1921. [YUKI],[YAR1]

    In May 1928, the Angohan (Codes and Ciphers Office) obtained excellent 
results in intercepting and decoding Chinese codes during the Sino-Japanese 
clash at Tsinan between Chiang Kaishek's Northern Expeditionary Army and the IJA 
(Imperial Japanese Army). [FUMI]

    The warlord Chang Tso-lin was murdered in June 1928. Angohan succeeded in 
decoding "Young Marshal" Chang Hsueh-liang's secret communications and made a 
substantial contribution to the understanding of the warlord politics of 
Manchuria. [SANB]

    The Anjohan not only mastered the basics of Chinese codes and ciphers but 
also broke the Nanking Government and the Chinese Legation codes in Tokyo. 
[YOKO]

    The Chinese codes in 1935 were called "Mingma". They were basically made up 
of four digit numbers. The Chinese did not encode the name of either the sender 
or receiver, nor the date or the time of the message. The China Garrison Army's 
Tokujohan office was able to disclose the composition, strength, and activities 
of Chiang Kai-shek's branch armies, such as those led by Sung Che-yuan and Chang 
Hseuh-liang. It was not able to decode the Chinese Communist or Air Force 
messages. [HIDE]

    By the time of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, Japanese cryptanalytical experts 
had been able to greatly expand their knowledge of the Chinese system of codes 
and ciphers, as well as improve their decoding skills. About 80% of what was 
intercepted was decoded. This included military and diplomatic codes but not the 
Communist code messages. [EIIC]

    Chinese Nationalists upgraded their Mingma codes in 1938. They adopted a 
different system, called tokushu daihon (special code book) in Japanese which 
complicated by mixing compound words. By October, 1940, Chiang Kai-shek's main 
forces were using a repeating key system. This stumped the Japanese 
cryptanalysts for a short time, then they returned to a 75% decoding level 
during the war. They continued to make great contributions to major military 
operations in China. [HIDE]

    The Japanese broke the Kuomintang codes during the Chungyuang Operation in 
the Southern Shansi or Chungt'iao Mountain Campaign. [CHUN] In February 1941, 
significant penetration of Communist signal traffic was obtained. [YOKO]

    The tokujo operations against the North China Area Army and the Chinese 
Communist codes was tragic failure. [HISA] The IJA's China experts held a highly 
negative image towards the Chinese.

    This may have prejudiced their attitude towards intelligence estimates of 
China and the Chinese which in turn adversely affected their operational 
(crypto-intelligence) thinking on China in general. [THEO]

    When the Sian mutiny broke out and Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped in December 
1936, Major General Isogai (IJA's leading expert in COMINT for China) toasted 
(more like roasted) the demise of Chiang. Colonel Kanji Ishiwara (Japan's chief 
military strategist) deplored the incident because he felt China was on the 
brink of unity because of Chiang Kai-shek's efforts. He considered the ability 
to read Chiang's codes just a matter of doing the business of war. [SHIN]

    

    

    LATIN
    BRASSPOUNDER gives us a good 
introduction to Latin in Reference [LATI]. Until modern times Latin was a 
dominant language in schools, churches, and state in Western Europe. 
Professionals use Latin to confuse the general populace. Latin is closely 
related to all of the Romance languages.

    The Latin alphabet is the same as the English-language alphabet, except that 
it has no equivalents for K, W, J, or U. These have crept into current usage for 
their phonetic value. The J replaced I as in hic jacet instead of the classical 
hic iacet. The letter W has no equivalent. The letter U was the Greek Y, and in 
classical times was written as a U. C is now used to form the hard sound as in 
CEL instead of KEL. A double UU approximated a W. Latin therefore is a 25 letter 
alphabet.

    The order of frequency according to Kluber, reduced to percentages, taken 
from reference [TRAI]: 
     
I  -  10.1        M -   3.4      V  -   0.7
E  -  9.2         C -   3.3      X  -   0.6
U  -  7.4         P -   3.0      H  -   0.5
T  -  7.2         L -   2.1      J  -   0
A  -  7.2         D -   1.7      K  -   0
S  -  6.8         G -   1.4      Y  -   0
R  -  6.8         Q -   1.3      Z  -   0
N  -  6.0         B -   1.2
O  -  4.4         F -   0.9


Vowels: I E U A O

Consonants:  T S R N M C P L D Q B F V X H

Initials: S I A P E Q C V M D N F H R T U L O G J
Finals: S E T M A I O N D R L C U

Doubled Letters: S L M P T C N R U Z

Vowel Combinations:
AE AU AI ; EA EI EO ; IA IO IE IAE ; OA OE OI OAE OIA ;
UA UE UI UO UU UAE UIA UIU

Consonant combinations:
NT ST ND SP PB CT SG NS NP LT

Frequent reversals:
UM EN ER NT TI TE ON RT RE ES IS ME IT TA US SE IC TU
ST IE PE CI RU

Digraph endings:

IS UM US AM AE TA NT EN RE OS AS UE ES RA AT IT ET IA IO
OB ST SE TE RI OR UR ER NI RI UI NO EL DI PE NA VA NS ED IN NE
SA MO SI SO RO

Trigraph word endings:
ERE QUE UNT RIS RUS IUM LIS LUM TIS UAM UOD NTA ARE IAM
NIS RAT NEM ROS TAS TES TIO ANT ATA CAE CUM ENT ITA IUS LAE NAM
NES NIA RUM URA VIS TEM TAE TUS

Favorite letter positions:

A   H 2H 2E                   N             2E E
B   H                         O             2H 2E
C   H                         P             H
D   H E                       Q             H 2H
E   H 2H E                    R             2H 2E
F   H                         S             E H
G   E H                       T             E 2E H
H   2H E H                    U             2H 2E
I   3E 2E 2H                  V             H
J   H                         W (rare)      H
K   E                         X             2H 2E
L   2E 2H                     Y             E 2H
M   H                         Z             2E E H


H=head, first letter, 2H = second letter, E=last letter,
2E= next to last letter

Common short words:

IN ET AD SI PER UBI SED UNA VIA HIC PRO CUM QUI QUO QUOD
IPSE ATQUE QUARE QUIDEM

Pattern words:
NON BENE FERE QUISQUE

      
Vowel percentage:  44%
Vowel / consonant ratio: 8/10
Average word length: 7

    
One-letter words: A E I O

Two-letter words:
AB AC AD AB AT DA DE DO EA EI EN EO ES ET EX HI ID II IN IS IT
ME NE NI OB OS RE SI TE TU UT

Three letter words:
AGO ARA AUT AVE BIS COR CUM CUR DIU DUO DUX EGI EGO FIO HIC HOC
HUC IAM IBI IRA ITA IUS LEX LUX MOX MUS NAM NEC NIX NON NOX NUM
PAR PAX PER PES PRO QUA QUI QUO RES REX RUS SED SEX SIC SOL STO
SUM SUS TAM TUM UBI VAE VEL VIA VIR VIS VIX

                           Latin Bigram Table

Basis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [ALBE]

                      Second Letter

        A   E   I   O   U   B   C   D   F   G   H   K
     - 156 145 146 36  60  11  99  65  39   7  35   4
  A 113     77  8      20  42  15  58       6
  E 197 27      7   7   1   5  26  18   4  11   1
  I 89  43  12  6  59  68  51  60  34  12  26   4
  O 61  1   3              10  37  19   1   2
  U  8  73  61  50 22   2  17   2  11
  B 15  12  26  33  3  22
  C 29  49  28  31 68   3       4               3
F D 53  16  61  87  9  17           3       1
i F 3   7   9   23 11   9               5
r G 2   5   18  14  4  10                   1
s H     23  3   14  8   4
t K 4                   8
  L 10  46  39  106 10  13          2       1
L M 248 28  33  28  22  23  1
e N 57  48  49  59  40  38      33 39   4   19
t P 2   12  34  12  43  14                      1
t Q 4                  167
e R 87  96  76  101 30  56  4    6  7   1    2  1
r S 276 14  64  83  30  47      34  1   2
  T 191 96  125 142 20  91                      6
  V 3   7   42  24  27   1
  X 28  1   2    7               2
  Y                                     5
  Z  1


    

        L   M   N  P   Q   R   S   T   V   X   Y   Z
       53  36  79 113 92  36  151 46  68   3       1
   A   63  89  62  12  4  59  45  81   4   2
   E   18  78  85  11 21 175  84  93   3  35
   I   25  49  143 24  9  10 137 113   3   4
   O   13  27 134   6  4  65  46  13   5   2
   U   37  119  63  9     60 105  70   1
   B    1                  4   5
   C    2                 24       40            5
   D         2    1    1   1   2       2
   F    1                 12
   G    1       13         8
   H
   K
   L   33                           12
   M        7   10  13   5               2
   N             4       3     56   136 10
   P    17           3      42 15    11
   Q
   R     1   6   1   3   2   2   9   26   3   1
   S         7       5  11      39   72   3        7
   T                    19  23       35
   V
   X                 6            1
   Y
   Z

    

    

    

    NORWEGIAN
    Norwegian is a beautiful 
language which consists of two forms, Bokmal (Book Language) and Nynorsk. Book 
language is the generally read form. Norwegian is similar to English with the 
addition of three vowels AE, 0, A'. Foreign consonant letters are C, Q, W, X and 
Z. Based on 5153 letters, a frequency analysis reduced to 100 letters is: 
     
16  8   7  6   5    4     2        1     -      0
E  RNS  T  AI  LDO  GKM  UVFHPA'  JB0  Y AE C  WXZQ


    Average word length - 4.77 letters. Compound words are long.

    IC = .0647

    Vowels A, E I O - 33%

    Consonants D L N R S T - 41% of letters 
    One- Letter Words:
I 81%    A' 16%   A 2%  O A AE 0  1%

Two letter words:
OG 23%  ER 14%   EN 10%  AV /DE  9%  ET PA' AT FA' SA'
DA  NA'  OM  VI  JO  SA  JA  MA'  SE  TO  UT  VE

Three letter words:
OPP 38%  ENN 23%  INN 15%  OSS 15%  ALL 8%

Four letter words:
 OSGA' 15%   BARE 12%    ALLE 9%   FOLK 9%  HVEM  SINE
STOR  GATE  GODT  HVIS  IDAG  LAND  MENS   MIDT

Doubles:
LL  KK  NN  TT  MM  SS  PP  GG  RR  DD  FF

Digraphs:
EN  ER  DE  ET  TE  ST  NE  OR  RE  KE  AN  ME  SE  SK

Reversals:
EN  ER  DE  ET  ES  EL  LI  AV  GE

Initials:
S  FM  D  HAENT  BKV  GI  JLP  RU  A0

Finals:
E  RT  N  G  S  KM  A A'DLV  IO  BPYAE  FHU0
    Phoenix's soon to be 
published ACA Xenocrypt Handbook gives further data on digraphs and trigraphs 
representing less than 2% of totals.

    

    

    HUNGARIAN
    Hungarian (aka Magyar) is 
related to Finnish and Estonian. Hungarian has 38 sounds based on a Latin 
alphabet. Reference [HUNG] shows the full alphabet as a combination of letters. 
There is no Q, W, or X in Hungarian. Only 23 Latin letters are used. Reference 
[HUNG] also gives Xenocrypt examples.

    Hungarian has four special characteristics:
    

    Per cent letter frequencies based on 10,001 letters:
    
E   -  16.04      K  -  4.47         D  -   1.93
A   -  12.55      I  -  4.29         B  -   1.78
T   -   8.35      M  -  4.11         H  -   1.42
O   -   6.56      R  -  3.48         J  -   0.99
S   -   6.56      G  -  3.16         F  -   0.94
L   -   5.66      U  -  2.33         C  -   0.52
N   -   5.49      Y  -  2.03         P  -   0.52
Z   -   4.79      V  -  1.94

Doubles (in 10,001 letter count):

TT   104          BB   25         RR  10
SS    42          KK   24         II   9
LL    35          NN   22         GG   7
AA    31          ZZ   11
EE    27          MM   11

Most frequent bigrams:

OE    229        AL   126         SA   94
EL    225        AS   123         KA   91
TA    219        LE   118         ZA   90
SZ    207        NE   110         LA   89
ES    201        UE   110         ZO   88
EN    185        EM   110         AK   87
EG    155        GY   108         KE   87
ET    151        AZ   101         AM   86
TE    149        EK    97         KO   86
AN    145        LA    96         EZ   80
AT    136        AR    95         MA   79
ER    133        SE    95         RE   79
ME    127        TO    95


Initials:
V E M K S A H  T F N L B I O J C U P R G D

Finals:
T N K E A S I  M L G Y Z R D O  B U P C

Groups:
 Vowels  A E I O U    41.77 %
 LNRST                29.54
 JKQYZ                9.93
 EATOS                50.06
 EATOSLNZK            70.47
 HJFCP                 4.39

Simple words based on a count of 1,000 words:
ES   -  and (before vowels)   96
AZ   -  that  20
EGY  -  one   14
S    -  and   11
MEG  -         6
EL   -  away   5
TE   -  thou   5
HA   -  if     4
ITT  -  here   3
A    -  one    68
EZ   -  this   17
NEM  -  no     6 

                Hungarian Bigram Table

Basis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [HUNG]

                      Second Letter

        A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K

  A    31  41   4  22  15  22  56  55  33  28  87
  B    57  25          52           1   3   1
  C     6               3               5
  D    28   1   1   3  48   3       3  15       1
  E    28  26   3  47  27  21 155  19  19  21  97
  F     7              21   3          25
  G    40   9          46   4   7  11  13   3   6
F H    67              21              15
i I    34   7    6  16  9   1  26   2   9   5  59
r J    35   1        6 16                   3   1
s K    91   6    3   1 87   6   4   2  38   1  24
t L    96   5    3  7 118   7   6   4  15  10  18
  M    79  18   5   1 127   5       9  58   5   3
L N    59   7   8  40 110   7   9   2  18   1  38
e O     3  11   1  13 229   1  25   2   1      51
t P     7              16               3    3  3
t R    50   1  13  10  79   5   6   1  19   1  10
e S    94   3   1   5  95   5   1   8  18   5  22
r T   219  10   3   3 149   1   6  14  59   5  19
  U     4   1      12 110   1   9   2   4   4   1
  V    89   5          61              13
  Y    41   1   1   1  43   1       5  18       2
  Z    90           6 122   1   6   2  28   3   3


    


        L   M   N    O   P   R    S   T   U   V   Y   Z

   A  126  86  145   1  18  95  123  136  3  27      101
   B    5   3    3  14       5    5    1  3
   C                 3       1   34
   D    1   9    1  41       3    1   15  13  6
   E  225 110  185   1  18  133 201  151     37       80
   F                18                    19           1
   G    4   7    1  15        7   6    6   7  12  108  4
   H        1       37                     1
   I   18   7   56   1   7    9  71   35  10  28      13
   J             1  22            3    7   1           3
   K    4  21    6  86        9   9  14   28   4
   L   35  31   15  57   4    6   7  73    6  13   24  6
   M    6  11    7  35        2  17   9   14   8       2
   N    6  11   22  22        3  19  72   11  12   57  15
   O   65  33   62   1   1   41  37  49        4       26
   P             1  11   1        2        2   2        1
   R    9  11    4  42       10  18  41   16
   S    4  18   13  29        4  42  43   15  14   10 207
   T   22  42    6  95   1    4  20 104   37  12    4
   U   19   3   12   2        9   7  24        3        6
   V                21        2            3
   Y    6  15    3  14    2     2 16   6   23   3
   Z   11   2    6  88          3 18  49   21   9       11

    

    

    LECTURE 5 HOMEWORK ANSWERS
    Ger-3. 
Kalenderblatt August. K2 (Sonne) BRASSPOUNDER 
    
QV   FHOHIC   ICMPC   KQM   IXWWM   QW   KML   WFMPM   KMI

*IQLQHI,   KMI   *PHWKICMLWI,   KFPML   KQM  "*PHWKIC-

FOMI,"  KQM   AMKML   VMWIJP   WXJP   CQMLM   VXMOMW.


Kw=   LICHT

    Im August steht die Sonne in der Naehe des Sirius, des Hundsterns 
daher die "Hundstages," die weder Mensch noch Tiere moegen.
     
PT: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
CT: F G J K M N O P Q R S U V W X Y Z L I C H T A B D E

    After placing the crib at the 5th word, der, dess, and die were 
immediately identified.

    Ger-4. Ungerechtes Schicksal. Eng. K4 GEMINATOR
    Kw's = question /unfair

Student besteht Pruefung zum zweiten mal nicht wieso fragt der
Freund Schicksalsschlag das selbe zimmer der selbe Professor
die selben fragen.

PT: z q u e s t i o n a b c d f g h j k l m p r v w x y
CT: U N F A I R B C D E G H J K L M O P Q S T V W X Y Z


IRFJA   DRGAI   RAMRT   VFAKF   DLUFS   UXABR   ADSEQ

DBHMR   XBAIC   KVELR   JAVKV   AFDJI   HMBHP   IEQII

HMQEL   JEIIA   QGAUB   SSAVJ   AVIAQ   GATVC   KAIIC

VJBAI   AQGAD   KVELA   D.   hints: (zum zw-;  zimm-)
    The three part 
crib can only be located in one position. A first guess of ZIMMER gives der, 
die, and zweit. A guess of FREUND yields much of the in the rest of the text. 
Schicksalsschlag can be found in the dictionary. Fre-1.
    MON NOM  square looks like this:

       F  G  H  I  J  K
    A  N  E  Z  P  I  L
    B  S  O  T  H  U  M
    C  B  A  R  C  D  F
    D  G  J  K  Q  V  W
    E  X  Y  -  -  -  -

    Split the cipher text after message group 13. Message reads: Que 
Noel vous soit des plus agreables et l'an nouve aplein de desirs accomplis.

    

    

    HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
    Lat-1  K2. (105) (sallust)  Wars and Victors?        SCARLET

F C D R    J R B B Q C    O Q C N    T Z U N B R,

U R P R M Q C    Z R H R M M Q C R    G R O N D R M R.

N D U N K R M R   U Q N S N O,   R P N Z C   N H D Z S F

B N U R M R ,   G R K F D N ,   U Q C    S N U P F M R O

S R B N D P.    * O Z B B Q O P   [cum,  bdghj=JGHIE]


Nor-1.  K2  Cosmology.  (*qwx, verden)    NIL VIRONUS

I K P N H   E R A M C   K D A O A   G P K M K   N N K M K

M E K O K   M Z L A G   G K Q P H   E V K M M   K G K O K

G P D A O   V F I I K   G H K R F   D O I F V   F G N C F

J P K R K   M I K G N   F E K G G   K N C K P   F D Y K M

P K A G N   P K A G.
    

    

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       Paris, 1925.

[GRA1] Grandpre: "Grandpre, A. de--Cryptologist. Part 1
       'Cryptographie Pratique - The Origin of the Grandpre',
       ISHCABIBEL, The Cryptogram, SO60, American Cryptogram
       Association, 1960.

[GRA2] Grandpre: "Grandpre Ciphers", ROGUE, The Cryptogram,
       SO63, American Cryptogram Association, 1963.

[GRA3] Grandpre: "Grandpre", Novice Notes, LEDGE, The
       Cryptogram, MJ75, American Cryptogram Association,1975

[GODD] Goddard, Eldridge and Thelma, "Cryptodyct," Marion,
       Iowa, 1976

[GORD] Gordon, Cyrus H., " Forgotten Scripts:  Their Ongoing
       Discovery and Decipherment,"  Basic Books, New York,
       1982.

[HA]   Hahn, Karl, " Frequency of Letters", English Letter
       Usage Statistics using as a sample, "A Tale of Two
       Cities" by Charles Dickens, Usenet SCI.Crypt, 4 Aug
       1994.

[HAWA] Hitchcock, H. R., "Hawaiian," Charles E. Tuttle, Co.,
       Toyko, 1968.

[HEMP] Hempfner, Philip and Tania, "Pattern Word List For
       Divided and Undivided Cryptograms," unpublished
       manuscript, 1984.

[HIDE] Hideo Kubota, " Zai-shi dai-go kokugun tokushu joho
       senshi."  unpublished manuscript, NIDS.

[HILL] Hill, Lester, S., "Cryptography in an Algebraic
       Alphabet", The American Mathematical Monthly, June-July
       1929.



[HINS] Hinsley, F. H.,  "History of British Intelligence in the
       Second World War", Cambridge University Press,
       Cambridge, 1979-1988.

[HIN2] Hinsley, F. H.  and Alan Strip in "Codebreakers -Story
       of Bletchley Park", Oxford University Press, 1994.

[HISA] Hisashi Takahashi, "Military Friction, Diplomatic
       Suasion in China, 1937 - 1938," The Journal of
       International Studies, Sophia Univ, Vol 19, July, 1987.

[HIS1] Barker, Wayne G., "History of Codes and Ciphers in the
       U.S. Prior to World War I," Aegean Park Press, Laguna
       Hills, CA, 1978.

[HITT] Hitt, Parker, Col. " Manual for the Solution of Military
       Ciphers,"  Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.

[HOFF] Hoffman, Lance J., editor,  "Building In Big Brother:
       The Cryptographic Policy Debate," Springer-Verlag,
       N.Y.C., 1995. ( A useful and well balanced book of
       cryptographic resource materials. )

[HOM1] Homophonic: A Multiple Substitution Number Cipher", S-
       TUCK, The Cryptogram, DJ45, American Cryptogram
       Association, 1945.

[HOM2] Homophonic: Bilinear Substitution Cipher, Straddling,"
       ISHCABIBEL, The Cryptogram, AS48, American Cryptogram
       Association, 1948.

[HOM3] Homophonic: Computer Column:"Homophonic Solving,"
       PHOENIX, The Cryptogram, MA84, American Cryptogram
       Association, 1984.

[HOM4] Homophonic: Hocheck Cipher,", SI SI, The Cryptogram,
       JA90, American Cryptogram Association, 1990.

[HOM5] Homophonic: "Homophonic Checkerboard," GEMINATOR, The
       Cryptogram, MA90, American Cryptogram Association, 1990.

[HOM6] Homophonic: "Homophonic Number Cipher," (Novice Notes)
       LEDGE, The Cryptogram, SO71, American Cryptogram
       Association, 1971.

[HUNG] Rip Van Winkel, "Hungarian," The Cryptogram, March -
       April,  American Cryptogram Association, 1956.

[IBM1] IBM Research Reports, Vol 7., No 4, IBM Research,
       Yorktown Heights, N.Y., 1971.

[INDE] PHOENIX, Index to the Cryptogram: 1932-1993, ACA, 1994.

[JAPA] Martin, S.E., "Basic Japanese Coversation Dictionary,"
       Charles E. Tuttle Co., Toyko, 1981.



[JOHN] Johnson, Brian, 'The Secret War', Arrow Books,
       London 1979.

[KADI] al-Kadi, Ibrahim A., Cryptography and Data Security:
       Cryptographic Properties of Arabic, Proceedings of the
       Third Saudi Engineering Conference. Riyadh, Saudi
       Arabia: Nov 24-27, Vol 2:910-921., 1991.

[KAHN] Kahn, David, "The Codebreakers", Macmillian Publishing
       Co. , 1967.

[KAH1] Kahn, David, "Kahn On Codes - Secrets of the New
       Cryptology," MacMillan Co., New York, 1983.

[KAH2] Kahn, David, "An Enigma Chronology", Cryptologia Vol
       XVII,Number 3, July 1993.

[KAH3] Kahn, David, "Seizing The Enigma", Houghton Mifflin, New
       York, 1991.

[KOBL] Koblitz, Neal, " A Course in Number Theory and
       Cryptography, 2nd Ed, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.

[KONH] Konheim, Alan G., "Cryptography -A Primer" , John Wiley,
       1981, pp 212 ff.

[KOTT] Kottack, Phillip Conrad, "Anthropology: The Exploration
       Of Human Diversity," 6th ed., Mcgraw-Hill, Inc., New
       York, N.Y.  1994.

[KOZA] Kozaczuk, Dr. Wladyslaw,  "Enigma: How the German
       Machine Cipher was Broken and How it Was Read by the
       Allies in WWI", University Pub, 1984.

[KULL] Kullback, Solomon, Statistical Methods in Cryptanalysis,
       Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1976

[LAFF] Laffin, John, "Codes and Ciphers: Secret Writing Through
       The Ages," Abelard-Schuman, London, 1973.

[LAKE] Lakoff, R., "Language and the Womans Place," Harper &
       Row, New York, 1975.

[LANG] Langie, Andre, "Cryptography," translated from French
       by J.C.H. Macbeth, Constable and Co., London, 1922.

[LATI] BRASSPOUNDER, "Latin Language Data, "The Cryptogram,"
       July-August 1993.

[LAUE] Lauer, Rudolph F.,  "Computer Simulation of Classical
       Substitution Cryptographic Systems" Aegean Park Press,
       1981, p72 ff.





[LEDG] LEDGE, "NOVICE NOTES," American Cryptogram Association,
       1994.  [ One of the best introductory texts on ciphers
       written by an expert in the field.  Not only well
       written, clear to understand but as authoritative as
       they come! ]

[LEWI] Lewin, Ronald, 'Ultra goes to War', Hutchinson,
       London 1978.

[LEWY] Lewy, Guenter, "America In Vietnam", Oxford University
       Press, New York, 1978.

[LEVI] Levine, J.,  U.S. Cryptographic Patents 1861-1981,
       Cryptologia, Terre Haute, In 1983.

[LISI] Lisicki, Tadeusz, 'Dzialania Enigmy', Orzet Biaty,
       London July-August, 1975; 'Enigma i Lacida',
       Przeglad lacznosci, London 1974- 4; 'Pogromcy
       Enigmy we Francji', Orzet Biaty, London, Sept.
       1975.'

[LYNC] Lynch, Frederick D., "Pattern Word List, Vol 1.,"
       Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977.

[LYSI] Lysing, Henry, aka John Leonard Nanovic, "Secret
       Writing," David Kemp Co., NY 1936.

[MANS] Mansfield, Louis C. S., "The Solution of Codes and
       Ciphers", Alexander Maclehose & Co., London, 1936.

[MARO] Marotta, Michael, E.  "The Code Book - All About
       Unbreakable Codes and How To Use Them," Loompanics
       Unlimited, 1979.  [This is a terrible book.  Badly
       written, without proper authority, unprofessional, and
       prejudicial to boot.  And, it has one of the better
       illustrations of the Soviet one-time pad with example,
       with three errors in cipher text, that I have corrected
       for the author.]

[MARS] Marshall, Alan, "Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign
       of Charles II," 1660-1665, Cambridge University, New
       York, N.Y., 1994.

[MART] Martin, James,  "Security, Accuracy and Privacy in
       Computer Systems," Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
       N.J., 1973.

[MAYA] Coe, M. D., "Breaking The Maya Code," Thames and Hudson,
       New York, 1992.

[MAZU] Mazur, Barry, "Questions On Decidability and
       Undecidability in Number Theory," Journal of Symbolic
       Logic, Volume 54, Number 9, June, 1994.

[MEND] Mendelsohn, Capt. C. J.,  Studies in German Diplomatic
       Codes Employed During World War, GPO, 1937.



[MILL] Millikin, Donald, " Elementary Cryptography ", NYU
       Bookstore, NY, 1943.

[MM]   Meyer, C. H., and Matyas, S. M., " CRYPTOGRAPHY - A New
       Dimension in Computer Data Security, " Wiley
       Interscience, New York, 1982.

[MODE] Modelski, Tadeusz, 'The Polish Contribution to the
       Ultimate Allied Victory in the Second World War',
       Worthing (Sussex) 1986.

[MRAY] Mrayati, Mohammad, Yahya Meer Alam and Hassan al-
       Tayyan., Ilm at-Ta'miyah wa Istikhraj al-Mu,amma Ind
       al-Arab. Vol 1. Damascus: The Arab Academy of Damascus.,
       1987.

[MYER] Myer, Albert, "Manual of Signals," Washington, D.C.,
       USGPO, 1879.

[NIBL] Niblack, A. P., "Proposed Day, Night and Fog Signals for
       the Navy with Brief Description of the Ardois Hight
       System," In Proceedings of the United States Naval
       Institute, Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute, 1891.

[NIC1] Nichols, Randall K., "Xeno Data on 10 Different
       Languages," ACA-L, August 18, 1995.

[NIC2] Nichols, Randall K., "Chinese Cryptography Parts 1-3,"
       ACA-L, August 24, 1995.

[NIC3] Nichols, Randall K., "German Reduction Ciphers Parts
       1-4," ACA-L, September 15, 1995.

[NIC4] Nichols, Randall K., "Russian Cryptography Parts 1-3,"
       ACA-L, September 05, 1995.

[NIC5] Nichols, Randall K., "A Tribute to William F. Friedman",
       NCSA FORUM, August 20, 1995.

[NIC6] Nichols, Randall K., "Wallis and Rossignol,"  NCSA
       FORUM, September 25, 1995.

[NIC7] Nichols, Randall K., "Arabic Contributions to
       Cryptography,", in The Cryptogram, ND95, ACA, 1995.

[NIC8] Nichols, Randall K., "U.S. Coast Guard Shuts Down Morse
       Code System," The Cryptogram, SO95, ACA publications,
       1995.

[NIC9] Nichols, Randall K., "PCP Cipher," NCSA FORUM, March 10,
       1995.

[NICX] Nichols, R. K., Keynote Speech to A.C.A. Convention,
       "Breaking Ciphers in Other Languages.," New Orleans,
       La., 1993.



[NORM] Norman, Bruce, 'Secret Warfare', David & Charles,
       Newton Abbot (Devon) 1973.

[NORW] Marm, Ingvald and Sommerfelt, Alf, "Norwegian," Teach
       Yourself Books, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1967.

[NSA]  NSA's Friedman Legacy - A Tribute to William and
       Elizabeth Friedman, NSA Center for Cryptological
       History, 1992, pp 201 ff.

[OP20] "Course in Cryptanalysis," OP-20-G', Navy Department,
       Office of Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, 1941.

[PIER] Pierce, Clayton C., "Cryptoprivacy", 325 Carol Drive,
       Ventura, Ca. 93003.

[POPE] Pope, Maurice, "The Story of Decipherment: From Egyptian
       Hieroglyphic to Linear B., Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1975.

[RAJ1] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 2 to 6 Letters," G &
       C.  Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1977.

[RAJ2] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 7 to 8 Letters," G &
       C.  Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1980.

[RAJ3] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 9 to 10 Letters," G &
       C.  Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1981.

[RAJ4] "Non Pattern Words of 3 to 14 Letters," RAJA Books,
       Norman, OK. 1982.

[RAJ5] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 10 Letters," G & C.
       Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1982.

[REJE] Rejewski, Marian, "Mathematical Solution of the Enigma
       Cipher" published in vol 6, #1, Jan 1982 Cryptologia pp
       1-37.

[RHEE] Rhee, Man Young, "Cryptography and Secure Commun-
       ications,"  McGraw Hill Co, 1994

[ROAC] Roach, T., "Hobbyist's Guide To COMINT Collection and
       Analysis," 1330 Copper Peak Lane, San Jose, Ca. 95120-
       4271, 1994.

[ROBO] NYPHO, The Cryptogram, Dec 1940, Feb, 1941.

[ROHE] Jurgen Roher's Comparative Analysis of Allied and Axis
       Radio-Intelligence in the Battle of the Atlantic,
       Proceedings of the 13th Military History Symposium, USAF
       Academy, 1988, pp 77-109.

[ROOM] Hyde, H. Montgomery, "Room 3603, The Story of British
       Intelligence Center in New York During World War II",
       New York, Farrar, Straus, 1963.



[ROSE] Budge, E. A. Wallis, "The Rosetta Stone," British Museum
       Press, London, 1927.

[RUNY] Runyan, T. J. and Jan M. Copes "To Die Gallently",
       Westview Press 1994, p85-86 ff.

[RYSK] Norbert Ryska and Siegfried Herda, "Kryptographische
       Verfahren in der Datenverarbeitung," Gesellschaft fur
       Informatik, Berlin, Springer-Verlag1980.

[SADL] Sadler, A. L., "The Code of the Samurai," Rutland and
       Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1969.

[SACC] Sacco, Generale Luigi, " Manuale di Crittografia",
       3rd ed., Rome, 1947.

[SANB] Sanbohonbu, ed., "Sanbohonbu kotokan shokuinhyo." NIDS
       Archives.

[SAPR] Sapir, E., "Conceptual Categories in Primitive
       Language," Science: 74: 578-584., 1931.

[SASS] Sassoons, George, "Radio Hackers Code Book", Duckworth,
       London, 1986.

[SCHN] Schneier, Bruce, "Applied Cryptography: Protocols,
       Algorithms, and Source Code C," John Wiley and Sons,
       1994.

[SCH2] Schneier, Bruce, "Applied Cryptography: Protocols,
       Algorithms, and Source Code C," 2nd ed., John Wiley and
       Sons, 1995.

[SCHW] Schwab, Charles, "The Equalizer," Charles Schwab, San
       Francisco, 1994.

[SHAN] Shannon, C. E., "The Communication Theory of Secrecy
       Systems," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol 28 (October
       1949).

[SHIN] Shinsaku Tamura, "Myohin kosaku," San'ei Shuppansha,
       Toyko, 1953.


[SIG1] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and
       Radio Communications,"  Defense Mapping Agency,
       Hydrographic/Topographic Center, United States Ed.
       Revised 1981

[SIG2] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and
       Radio Communications,"  U. S. Naval Oceanographic
       Office, United States Ed., Pub. 102,  1969.

[SINK] Sinkov, Abraham, "Elementary Cryptanalysis", The
       Mathematical Association of America, NYU, 1966.



[SISI] Pierce, C.C., "Cryptoprivacy," Author/Publisher, Ventura
       Ca., 1995. (XOR Logic and SIGTOT teleprinters)

[SMIT] Smith, Laurence D., "Cryptography, the Science of Secret
       Writing," Dover, NY, 1943.

[SOLZ] Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. , "The Gulag Archipelago I-
       III, " Harper and Row, New York, N.Y., 1975.

[STEV] Stevenson, William, 'A Man Called INTREPID',
       Macmillan, London 1976.

[STIN] Stinson, D. R., "Cryptography, Theory and Practice,"
       CRC Press, London, 1995.

[STUR] Sturtevant, E. H. and Bechtel, G., "A Hittite
       Chrestomathy," Linguistic Society of American and
       University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1935.

[SUVO] Suvorov, Viktor "Inside Soviet Military Intelligence,"
       Berkley Press, New York, 1985.

[TERR] Terrett, D., "The Signal Corps: The Emergency (to
       December 1941); G. R. Thompson, et. al, The Test(
       December 1941 -  July 1943); D. Harris and G. Thompson,
       The Outcome;(Mid 1943 to 1945), Department of the Army,
       Office of the Chief of Military History, USGPO,
       Washington,1956 -1966.

[THEO] Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, "Thunder Out Of
       China," William Sloane Assoc., New York, 1946.

[TILD] Glover, D. Beaird, Secret Ciphers of The 1876
       Presidential Election, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills,
       Ca. 1991.

[TM32] TM 32-250, Fundamentals of Traffic Analysis (Radio
       Telegraph) Department of the Army, 1948.

[TRAD] U. S. Army Military History Institute, "Traditions of
       The Signal Corps., Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1959.

[TRAI] Lange, Andre and Soudart, E. A., "Treatise On
       Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca.
       1981.

[TRIB] Anonymous, New York Tribune, Extra No. 44, "The Cipher
       Dispatches, New York, 1879.

[TRIT] Trithemius:Paul Chacornac, "Grandeur et Adversite de
       Jean Tritheme ,Paris: Editions Traditionelles, 1963.

[TUCK] Harris, Frances A., "Solving Simple Substitution
       Ciphers," ACA, 1959.




[TUKK] Tuckerman, B.,  "A Study of The Vigenere-Vernam Single
       and Multiple Loop Enciphering Systems," IBM Report
       RC2879, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown
       Heights, N.Y.  1970.

[TUCM] Tuckerman, B., "A Study of The Vigenere-Vernam Single
       and Multiple Loop Enciphering Systems," IBM Report
       RC2879, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown
       Heights, N.Y.  1970.

[VERN] Vernam, A. S.,  "Cipher Printing Telegraph Systems For
       Secret Wire and Radio Telegraphic Communications," J.
       of the IEEE, Vol 45, 109-115 (1926).

[VOGE] Vogel, Donald S., "Inside a KGB Cipher," Cryptologia,
       Vol XIV, Number 1, January 1990.

[WAL1] Wallace, Robert W. Pattern Words: Ten Letters and Eleven
       Letters in Length, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA
       92654, 1993.

[WAL2] Wallace, Robert W. Pattern Words: Twelve Letters and
       Greater in Length, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA
       92654, 1993.

[WATS] Watson, R. W. Seton-, ed, "The Abbot Trithemius," in
       Tudor Studies, Longmans and Green, London, 1924.

[WEL]  Welsh, Dominic, "Codes and Cryptography," Oxford Science
       Publications, New York, 1993.

[WELC] Welchman, Gordon, 'The Hut Six Story', McGraw-Hill,
       New York 1982.

[WHOR] Whorf, B. L., "A Linguistic Consideration of Thinking In
       Primitive Communities,"  In Language, Thought, and
       Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, ed. J.
       B.  Carroll, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 65-86., 1956.

[WINK] Winkle, Rip Van, "Hungarian: The Cryptogram,", March -
       April 1956.

[WINT] Winterbotham, F.W., 'The Ultra Secret', Weidenfeld
       and Nicolson, London 1974.

[WOLE] Wolfe, Ramond W., "Secret Writing," McGraw Hill Books,
       NY, 1970.

[WOLF] Wolfe, Jack M., " A First Course in Cryptanalysis,"
       Brooklin College Press, NY, 1943.

[WRIX] Wrixon, Fred B. "Codes, Ciphers and Secret Languages,"
       Crown Publishers, New York, 1990.

[XEN1] PHOENIX, "Xenocrypt Handbook," American Cryptogram
       Association, 1 Pidgeon Dr., Wilbraham, MA., 01095-2603,
       for publication March, 1996.

[YARD] Yardley, Herbert, O., "The American Black Chamber,"
       Bobbs-Merrill, NY, 1931.

[YAR1] Yardley, H. O., "The Chinese Black Chamber," Houghton
       Mifflin, Boston, 1983.

[YOKO] Yukio Yokoyama, "Tokushu joho kaisoka," unpublished
       handwritten manuscript.

[YOUS] Youshkevitch, A. P., Geschichte der Mathematik im
       Mittelatter, Liepzig, Germany: Teubner, 1964.

[YUKI] Yukio Nishihara, "Kantogan tai-So Sakusenshi," Vol 17.,
       unpublished manuscript, National Institute for Defense
       Studies Military Archives, Tokyo.,(hereafter NIDS
       Archives)

[ZIM]  Zim, Herbert S., "Codes and Secret Writing." William
       Morrow Co., New York, 1948.

[ZEND] Callimahos, L. D.,  Traffic Analysis and the Zendian
       Problem, Agean Park Press, 1984.  (also available
       through NSA Center for Cryptologic History)

    Text converted to HTML on June 16, 1998 by Joe Peschel.

    Any mistakes you find are quite likely mine. Please let me know about them by 
e-mailing:
    jpeschel@aol.com. 

    Thanks.
    Joe Peschel