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In Lectures 12 - 13, we continue our study of the "Viggy" cipher family or Polyalphabetic Substitution systems. We will cover decimation processes in detail and investigate special solutions for periodic ciphers. The important principle of Superimposition will be introduced.
The Resources Section has been updated with more than 50 ACA published references on these and similar systems - focusing on the cryptanalytic attack and areas of historical interest. Thanks to PHOENIX for his help in compiling these sources. [INDE]
In Lecture 13, we will tackle the difficult aperiodic polyalphabetic case and introduce auto/running key systems. We will diagram the topics covered in Lectures 10 - 13.
Lecture 14 will be presented by LEDGE. He will cover further Cryptarithm topics.
Lectures 15-18 will discuss the various geometric, transposition and fractionation ciphers.
We start with a difficult cousin of the PORTA described in Lecture 11. The PORTAX uses pairs of letters as a unit for encipherment and decipherment as apart from single letters.
A special slide is required for its operation, and a keyword is needed.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M (stationary)
. N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ...
. C E G I H M O Q S U W Y A C E G I K M O Q S .. (sliding
. D F H J L N P R T V X Z B D F H J L N P R T .. key)
(The above slide-setting is for G-H (key) directly under the A-indicator
of the stationary alphabet.)
To encipher the digraph RE, we take the R in the upper row of letters (stationary slide) and the E from the lower pair of letters (sliding), and use the opposite corners of the rectangle formed to obtain the ciphertext, or PI. However, if the digram ER is to be enciphered, we take the E from the stationary alphabet at the top, and the R from the sliding alphabet at the bottom to obtain FP.
Note that if the first letter of a digraph is in the range of A-M, the equivalent ciphertext is dependent on where the slide is used for the key-letter; but, if the first letter of the digraph is in the range of N-Z, then it slides along with the paired rows of lower letters, and therefore all such digraphs having the first letter in the N-Z are constant, without dependent of the key. There is an exception when both letters in the plaintext digraph are in the same column, in which case the key letter has to be known, for letters appearing above the needed letters are used for the ciphertext. [BRYA]
To encipher with keyword, the plaintext is written in two rows under it; continuing to the end of the message. When the final group is reached, if there are not enough letters to make it complete (an even number), add a single null.
For example, encipher the word INNOVATION using the key OFTEN :
*
A B C D E F G H I J K L M (stationary)
. N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ...
. C E G I K M O Q S U W Y A C E G I K M O Q S .. (sliding
. D F H J L N P R T V X Z B D F H J L N P R T .. key)
*
O F T E N (keyword)
---------
I N N O V
A T I O N
g w
e b
---------
S A R E F
O U N D x
u i
k e
Setting the O of the sliding pairs under the 'A' indicator of the
stationary alphabet, we encipher IA as GE (opposite corners); then SO,
continuing down the column we encipher the whole column. We then slide the strip
until E-F (key) is under the A indicator and encipher that column.
To find the period in the PORTAX is dependent on possible fragments of the
plaintext which are known (through the N-Z combinations produced from the
unchanged relationship of letters). Lets partially decipher the following
PORTAX:
SNPOW LBAMP ISCWU OOBXC WKMAT ZKTOW JCBLN CBJGB
TAAJD IWUKW HHVZN MNUFM APBJW PCBSX JCJQX TMVUB
MDCBJ CGUGR. (90)
Assuming a period of 6:
S N P O W L
B A M P I S
n t u r natural ?
l e d s good
-----------
C W U O O B
X C W K M A
o y s
s o c ok
-----------
T Z K T O W
J C B L N C
r o s t o
n y n d s better
-----------
B J G B T A
A J D I W U
y
m
-----------
K W H H V Z
N M N U F M
t p t
s r y
-----------
A P B J W P
C B S X J C
n r o
f t e
-----------
J Q X T M V
U B M D C B
n t o n
h u n r
-----------
J C R - -
U G R
-----------
Note the NY-NDS which could be NYaNDS or NYeNDS. Look at the final group,
we find -NTON -HUN-R (hundred?) We next test the keyword by putting T in the
final position and testing the precursor letter; A C E F H I L N O P R S and U,
At the E setting, OM = TC, making -OYST/-SOCCU with R in the next group
confirming OCCUR. The E substitution also gives us the HUNDRED. The rest of the
analysis is left for the student for credit.
One of my favorite ciphers is the Nihilist Substitution Cipher. Classified as a periodic, it employs numbers to represent letters. Numbers are derived from a 5 x 5 Polybius Square.
We set up a block of 25 letters and combine I/J in one cell.
Figure 12-1a
1 2 3 4 5
1 A B C D E
2 F G H I/J K
3 L M N O P
4 Q R S T U
5 V W X Y Z
So A = 11, L = 31, T = 44. (Row by Column)
The Polybius Square can be keyed. For example, using UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA and eliminating the duplicate letters, we have:
Figure 12-1b
1 2 3 4 5
1 U N I T E
2 D S A O F
3 M R C B G
4 H K L P Q
5 V W X Y Z
We can also mix it up further with a little transposition.
Use BLACKSMITH, transpose and remove the ciphertext by columns starting at 1:
B L A C K S M I T H
D E F G N O P Q R U
V W X Y Z
B D V L E W A F X C G Y K N Z S O M P I Q T R H U
The resulting square reads:
Figure 12-1c
1 2 3 4 5
1 B D V L E
2 W A X F C
3 G Y K N Z
4 S O M P I
5 Q T R H U
Figure 12-1c shows the effect of the transposition applied first.
Now the message COME AT ONCE enciphered with a keyword of TENT (period = 4)
is:
T-44 E-15 N-35 T-44
----------------------
C-13 O-34 M-32 E-16
A-11 T-44 O-34 N-33
C-13 E-15 - -
We add the key and the plaintext equivalents together to produce the
ciphertext: COME: 57 49 65 59; ATON: 55 59 67 77; CE: 57 30. Each column
represents a monoalphabetic substitution in itself, and the reading or value of
these letters is dependent on the letters on either side of them.
The lowest number of any key-letter which may be added to the lowest plaintext letter is 11, with a total of 22; the highest combination is two 55's or 10 (110). The numbers 6,7,8, or 9, are not involved in either the tens or the one's additions - but they may result in a sum. Cipher 22 must equal 11 plus 11; and 10 can only mean the sum of two 55's. Zero in the one's column means that two 5's have been added. This is also true in the ten's column. If at any time we find that a 6-7-8-9 is involved we can discard the period assumed as wrong. What we are looking for is a number in the 1-2-3- 4-5 range that may be added to produce first the ten's sum and then the one's sum.
There are two ways to find the period - the short and the long way.
The short way of finding the period is to look for two or more 30's. We treat them like a repeated digraph and factor the interval between them looking for a common factor. We may also try the same procedure with the lowest number versus the highest number, for example the distance between two 94's or two 26's.
The long way is to assume a 3 period and test the 1'st and 4'th, 2'nd and 5'th, 3'rd and 6'th in the same manner as the short method. When conflicts arise, discard the choice. We continue with an assumption of periods 4, 5, 6, etc. and increase the differentials between ciphertext numbers. [BRYA]
Gaines [ELCY] suggests that cracking this cipher parallels the Viggy. The period is found through repeated sequences, or in their absence, through repeated single letters, yielding individual frequency counts on the several alphabets of the period. If the arrangement of the ciphertext follows the normal Polybius (aka Checkerboard) Square, the frequency counts will follow the graph of the normal alphabet less one letter. Even with the keyword mixed ciphertext alphabet, no matter how badly mixed, the frequency counts are parallel, the several alphabets combined follow one graph, and can be "lined up."
Notice that the primary alphabet contains only the digits 1- 2-3-4-5. The maximum difference is 4 and addition of any number to all of them does not change this fact. The maximum difference between any two sums is still 4. Now the number added during encipherment is also a number containing no digit other than 1-2-3-4-5; thus any number found in the cryptogram can be considered as carrying two separate additions, one for tens and one for ones. The two 5's added give us the revealing 0; the carried digit 1 can be mentally borrowed back, by decreasing the size of the digit preceding the zero. If we find a 40 , we look at it as 3 tens with ten units or finding 110, we may regard this as ten tens and ten units. If we find the numbers 29 and 87 in the cryptogram, we know they were not enciphered by the same key. This is because a difference greater than 4 in the respective tens units exists and no digit whatever added to any two digits of the original square can produce a difference greater than 4. Say we have 30 and 77, with no difference greater than 4, the presence of the zero needs to be accounted for. The number 30 has 2 tens and ten units; 7 - 2 >4, hence, we reject the same key hypothesis.
Four giveaways are 22, 30, 102, and 110. The presence of any one of these numbers gives away the key to the whole cipher alphabet.
[BRYA] presents a useful aid for the standard Polybius Square in Table 12-1. At the top is the key-number, at the left is the plaintext letter, and at ciphertext is found at the intersection. Any two of the three variables yields the unknown letter/number.
Table 12-1
11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 31 32
A B C D E F G H I/J K L M
A 11 22 23 24 25 26 32 33 34 35 36 42 43
B 12 23 24 25 26 27 33 34 35 36 37 43 44
C 13 24 25 26 27 28 34 35 36 37 38 44 45
D 14 25 26 27 28 29 35 36 37 38 39 45 46
E 15 26 27 28 29 30 36 37 38 39 40 46 47
F 21 32 33 34 35 36 42 43 44 45 46 52 53
G 22 33 34 35 36 37 43 44 45 46 47 53 54
H 23 34 35 36 37 38 44 45 46 47 48 54 55
I 24 35 36 37 38 39 45 46 47 48 49 55 56
K 25 36 37 38 39 40 46 47 48 49 50 56 57
L 31 42 43 44 45 46 52 53 54 55 56 62 63
M 32 43 44 45 46 47 53 54 55 56 57 63 64
N 33 44 45 46 47 48 54 55 56 57 58 64 65
O 34 45 46 47 48 49 55 56 57 58 59 65 66
P 35 46 47 48 49 50 56 57 58 59 60 66 67
Q 41 52 53 54 55 56 62 63 64 65 66 72 73
R 42 53 54 55 56 57 63 64 65 66 67 73 74
S 43 54 55 56 57 58 64 65 66 67 68 74 75
T 44 55 56 57 58 59 65 66 67 68 69 75 76
U 45 56 57 58 59 60 66 67 68 69 70 76 77
V 51 62 63 64 65 66 72 73 74 75 76 82 83
W 52 63 64 65 66 67 73 74 75 76 77 83 84
X 53 64 65 66 67 68 74 75 76 77 78 84 85
Y 54 65 66 67 68 69 75 76 77 78 79 85 86
Z 55 66 67 68 69 70 76 77 78 79 80 86 87
Table 12-1
continued
33 34 35 41 42 43 44 45 51 52 53 54 55
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 11 44 45 46 52 53 54 55 56 62 63 64 65 66
B 12 45 46 47 53 54 55 56 57 63 64 65 66 67
C 13 46 47 48 54 55 56 57 58 64 65 66 67 68
D 14 47 48 49 55 56 57 58 59 65 66 67 68 69
E 15 48 49 50 56 57 58 59 60 66 67 68 69 70
F 21 54 55 56 62 63 64 65 66 72 73 74 75 76
G 22 55 56 57 63 64 65 66 67 73 74 75 76 77
H 23 56 57 58 64 65 66 67 68 74 75 76 77 78
I 24 57 58 59 65 66 67 68 69 75 76 77 78 79
K 25 58 59 60 66 67 68 69 70 76 77 78 79 80
L 31 64 65 66 72 73 74 75 76 82 83 84 85 86
M 32 65 66 67 73 74 75 76 77 83 84 85 86 87
N 33 66 67 68 74 75 76 77 78 84 85 86 87 88
O 34 67 68 69 75 76 77 78 79 85 86 87 88 89
P 35 68 69 70 76 77 78 79 80 86 87 88 89 90
Q 41 74 75 76 82 83 84 85 86 92 93 94 95 96
R 42 75 76 77 83 84 85 86 87 93 94 95 96 97
S 43 76 77 78 84 85 86 87 88 94 95 96 97 98
T 44 77 78 79 85 86 87 88 89 95 96 97 98 99
U 45 78 79 80 86 87 88 89 90 96 97 98 99 00
V 51 84 85 86 92 93 94 95 96 02 03 04 05 06
W 52 85 86 87 93 94 95 96 97 03 04 05 06 07
X 53 86 87 88 94 95 96 97 98 04 05 06 07 08
Y 54 87 88 89 95 96 97 98 99 05 06 07 08 09
Z 55 88 89 90 96 97 98 99 00 06 07 08 09 10
Consider Edwin Linquist's challenge:24 66 35 77 37 77 55 59 55 45 55 88 28 66 46 88 37 67 33 59 58 65 45 66 67 58 44 55 34 79 44 59 55 45 42 87 28 76 43 78 46 86 26 67 24 85 26 67 28 76 26 78 46 65 65 88 36 49 54 67 28 65 42 88 36 49 44 89 57 58 54 66 47 67 26Try period = 2. Starting at the first number 24 constant we scan the line looking for differences greater than 4 using a constant difference of 2. We come to 33 and 38 and stop.
Try period = 3. The first comparison fails at 24 and 77.
Try period = 4. We are able to go through the entire cryptogram, comparing numbers at an interval of 4, without finding any difference in either tens or units greater than 4. We now must look at the numbers collectively in columns to verify the period is 4. We recopy the cryptogram into a block.
Key = 4?
24 66 35 77
37 77 55 59
55 45 55 88
28 66 46 88
37 67 33 59
58 65 45 66
67 58 44 55
34 79 44 59
55 45 42 87
28 76 43 78
46 86 26 67
28 76 26 78
46 65 65 88
36 49 54 67
28 65 42 88
36 49 44 89
57 58 54 65
47 67 26 -
Alphabet 1: The tens-half of the first column contains the digit 2 and
since this can only come from the addition of 1 plus 1, the only possible key
digit is 1. The units-half has a range of 4-5-6-7-8, maximum range possible. The
smallest digit to result in 8 is 3, the largest digit to result in 4 is also 3,
that is the only digit which can result in all of the digits 4-5-6-7-8 is 3, so
that the cipher key for this column is 13. It cannot be anything else.
Alphabet 2: The tens-half of the second column ranges over the full five digits 4-5-6-7-8 (key 3), and the units-half ranges over 5-6-7-8-9 (key 4). This suggests the key digit is 34.
Alphabet 3: The tens-half of the third column contains the 'giveaway' digit of 2 and the units-half also contains the digit 2. The key digit to produce this situation is 11.
Alphabet 4: The tens-half of the fourth column ranges only over the digits 5-6-7-8, with nothing to indicate whether the missing digit is 4 or 9. The key might be either 3 or 4. The units has the full range of digits 5-6-7-8-9, hence key = 4. So we have either 34 o 44 for our key digit. The normal square suggests COAO or COAT as the key word. We use Table 12-1 to good advantage and decipher this cryptogram.
We decipher the whole cryptogram a column at a time:
'C' 'O' 'A' 'T'
-- -- -- --
A M I N
I S T E
R A T T
E M P T
I N G E
U L O G
Y I N A
F U N E
R A L S
E R M O
M W E H
A V E H
E R E O
N L Y T
H E S H
E L L T
H E N U
T I S G
O N E
Reads:A minister attempting eulogy in a funeral sermon: We have here only the shell, the nut has gone.For the most difficult case presenting multiple key possibilities, we line up the alphabets graphically against their frequency counts to eliminate the extra key digits.
MASTERTON describes a cipher called the GROMARK. The Gromark is akin to the GRONSFELD in that the components never change their position relative to each other and every plain text values has 10 possible cipher representatives. The GROMARK uses a different keying method; encipherment is effected by means of a normal alphabet plain set against a mixed cipher text alphabet. However, instead of cycles or predictable slides of the cipher component, one finds the plain value on the top (normal) component and counts a specified number of positions to the right, then takes the letter in the cipher alphabet immediately below. The choice of how far to count along the sequence is determined by the digital key. One essentially is adding 0 to 9 to the plain value, as in the Gronsfeld, but it is on the mixed sequence, set underneath a plain sequence. The key is derived from a Fibonacci series. On some cycle (frequently 5 wide) the key is derived from a starting group, by adding the first position to the second and placing the result in the sixth position. Similarly, positions 2 and 3 are added to make position number 7, 3, and 4 to make 8, and so forth. All additions are non carrying -a very common cryptographic practice. [MAST]
Example:
Use the starter or "seed" of 48671, the key is:
48671 24383 67119 382021 ...Solution follows the normal Viggy methods. The crib placement can be interesting.
Example:
7 7 2 6 6 4 9 8 2 0 3 7 0 2 3 0 7 2 5 3 7 9 7 J C N W Z Y C A C J N A Y N L Q P W W S T W Pwithout knowing the cipher sequence, we are given the crib SUBSTITUTES and runs somewhere from the J to the final P above.
Since the plain sequence is normal, a repeated cipher letter, with different key letters on it, must stand for plain values removed from each other exactly by the difference of the two numbers. Thus C A C with keys 9 8 2 above it implies that the first cipher C is M for example, the second C is seven positions to the right on the plain sequence, or T.
Or:
J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
C
*
We prepare a difference table. We are looking for a favorable case where
the differences in the cipher repeats matches the plain differences, at the
correct interval. To match these differences, we measure them in one direction
for the plain and the reverse for the cipher. Table 12-1 shows subtraction of
the left hand letter from the right, and we must look at the cipher in the other
direction. Differences may be calculated modulo 26.
Table 12-1 adjacent 19 21 2 19 20 9 20 21 20 5 19 diff's S U B S T I T U T E S xx 2 7 17 1 15 11 1 25 11 14 x-x 9 24 18 16 0 12 0 10 x--x 0 25 7 ...There is a difference of 7 with the C-C hit, but it doesn't appear on the second row of the table. The keyword must first be between A (between C's) and W.
7 7 2 6 6 4 9 8 2 0 3 7 0 2 3 0 7 2 5 3 7 9 7
J C N W Z Y C A C J N A Y N L Q P W W S T W P
S U B S T I T U T E SThis is a good tip placement and
confirmed by the N-N hit. The A---A in the cipher matches the S---T plain. We
build the cipher component by writing the cipher component, and a normal
alphabet, count along it from any given plain the number of steps given by the
key, then write the cipher value. Find S on the top strip, count 8 to right,
place an A. C is two spaces to the right of the position held by the U, and so
on. Decipher other letters by counting backwards the number of steps given by
the key. Cipher C ahead of thew crib translates to N.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A J Y P Q W N C LWithout a tip the system will fall to statistics. The numbers associated with any given cipher letter represent a stretch of 10 consecutive values along a normal alphabet such as C to L or X to G, we could prepare a table with A to Z as the rows and 9 to 0 as the columns. Frequencies can be combined and a stretch such as PQRST area will show as the normal. The backwards normal sequence yields a bar graph of the segment of the normal alphabetic frequencies.
In Lecture 11, we presented QUAGMIRES I-IV and solved them by a variety of methods. Inherent in their solution was Friedman's principle of indirect symmetry. [FRE7] Prima facie to this symmetry principle is a process of alphabet dissociation called Decimation. This same process effects all Viggy class ciphers and is important from a theoretical point of view. Decimation is especially effective in solving mixed alphabet systems like the Quagmire III & IV. Decimation is a process of selection and derivation of a sequence of equivalent components according to some fixed interval. For example, the sequence A E I M is derived by decimation of extracting every fourth letter from a normal alphabet.
Consider the two mixed alphabets in a QUAGMIRE III:
O1
* *
Plain: QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
Cipher: QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
* *
Ok
By setting the two sliding components against each other in the two
positions shown: A in the first set and B in the second set we can derive two,
we can derive two different sets of secondary alphabets based on the key
letters.
O1 * *
Plain: QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
Cipher: QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
* *
Ok
Secondary Alphabet (1)
Plain: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Cipher: H J P R L V W X D Z Q K U G F E A S Y C B T I O M N
Secondary Alphabet (2)
Plain: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Cipher: J K R V Y W X Z F Q U M E H G S B T C D L I O N P A
Sliding strips will yield the same results as a Viggy type table based on
the Keyword QUESTIONABLY (see a partial table in Table 12-2.
Table 12-2
Partial Reconstruction
QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
UESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQ
ESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQU
STIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUE
TIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUES
IONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUEST
ONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTI
NABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIO
ABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTION
BLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIONA
LYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIONAB
YCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIONABL
CDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIONABLY
. .
Superficially secondary alphabets (1) and (2) show no resemblance of
symmetry despite the fact that they were both created from the same primary
alphabet. We do find a Latent Symmetry Of Position (aka Indirect Symmetry of
Position). This phenomenon has widespread use in the Viggy family. Consider
alphabet (2):Secondary Alphabet (2) Plain: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Cipher: J K R V Y W X Z F Q U M E H G S B T C D L I O N P AWe construct a chain of alternating plaintext and ciphertext equivalents, beginning at any point and continuing until the chain is completed. We start Aplain = Jcipher, Jplain = Qcipher, Qplain = Bcipher...., dropping the common letters we have A J Q B. The complete sequence of letters is:
* *
Plain: QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
Cipher: QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
* *
Secondary Alphabet (1)
Plain: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Cipher: J K R V Y W X Z F Q U M E H G S B T C D L I O N P A
* *
Plain: AJQBKULMEYPSCRTDVIFWOGXNHZ
Cipher: AJQBKULMEYPSCRTDVIFWOGXNHZAJQBKULMEYPSCRTDVIFWOGXNHZ
* *
Secondary Alphabet (2)
Plain: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Cipher: J K R V Y W X Z F Q U M E H G S B T C D L I O N P A
Since the sequence A J Q B K ... gives exactly the same equivalents in the
secondary alphabets as does the sequence QUEST......XZ, the former is
cryptographically equivalent to the latter sequence. For this reason the A J Q B
K .. sequence is termed an equivalent primary component. If the real or original
primary component is a keyword mixed sequence, it is hidden or latent within the
equivalent primary sequence; it can also be made patent by the process of
decimation of the equivalent primary component.
Friedman in [FRE7] describes the process as follows: find three letters in the equivalent primary component that are a likely unbroken sequence in the original primary component, and see if the interval between the first and second is the same as that of the second and third. Try X, Y, Z in the equivalent primary component above. Note the sequence ..W O G X N H Z...; the distance or interval between W X Z is three letters. Continuing the chain by adding letters three intervals removed, the latent original primary component is made patent.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M 24 25 26 P R V
We can combine the previous steps into one operation. Starting with any pair
of letters in the cipher component of the secondary alphabets, likely to be
sequent in the keyword- mixed sequence, such as JK, the following chains of
digraphs may be produced. Thus JK plain stand over QU cipher respectively, QU in
the plain stand over BL in the cipher, respectively, etc. Connecting the
pairs:
JK>QU>BL>KM>UE>LY>MP>ES>YC>PR>ST>CD>RV>TI>DF>VW>IO>FG>WX> ON>GH>XZ>NA>HJ>ZQ>AB>JK..... We then unite by common letters: JK>KM>MP>PR>RV>VW>WX>XZ>ZQ>QU>UE>ES>ST>TI>IO>ON>NA> AB>BL>LY>YC>CD>DF>FG>GH>HJ>JK..... or: JKMPRVWXZ-QUESTIONABLY-CDFGH
Only 12 /26 alphabets will yield a complete equivalent primary component, as shown above. Even number of intervals for sliding the alphabets will yield half chains or 13 letter chains. Friedman [FRE7] describes several methods to combine the half chains into fully equivalent primary components.
Friedman observed that in the case of a 26-element component sliding against itself (both components proceeding in the same direction), it is only the secondary alphabets resulting from odd-interval displacements of the primary components which permit reconstructing a single 26-letter chain of equivalents. This is true except for the 13th interval displacement, which acts like an even number displacement, in that no complete chain of equivalents can be established from the secondary alphabet. Friedman states the general rule as: any displacement interval which has a factor in common with the number of letters in the primary sequence will yield a secondary alphabet from which no complete chain of 26 equivalents can be derived for the construction of a complete equivalent primary component. Components sliding in opposite directions act as a 13 interval displacement because of their reciprocal nature.
Friedman concluded that whether or not a complete equivalent primary component is derivable by decimation from an original primary component (and if not, the lengths and numbers of chains of letters, or incomplete components, that can be constructed in attempts to derive such equivalent components) will depend upon the number of letters in the original primary component and the specific decimation interval selected. [FRE7] Friedman constructed a table relating the number of characters in the original primary component, decimation interval and total number of complete sequences that can be formed. See Table 12-3.
TABLE 12-3
Number of Characters in Original Primary Component
Decimation Interval 32 30 28 27 26 25 24 22 21 20
18 16
----------------------------------------------
2 16 15 14 27 13 25 12 11 21 10 9 8
3 32 10 28 9 26 25 8 22 7 20 6 16
4 8 15 7 27 13 25 6 11 21 5 9 4
5 32 6 28 27 26 5 24 22 21 4 18 16
6 16 5 14 9 13 25 4 11 7 10 3 8
7 32 30 4 27 26 25 24 22 3 20 18 16
8 4 15 7 27 13 25 3 11 21 5 9 2
9 32 10 28 3 26 25 8 22 7 20 2 16
10 16 3 14 27 13 5 12 11 21 2 9 8
11 32 30 28 27 26 25 24 2 21 20 18 16
12 8 5 7 9 13 25 2 11 7 5 3 4
13 32 30 28 27 2 25 24 22 21 20 18 16
14 16 15 2 27 13 25 12 11 3 10 9 8
15 32 2 28 9 26 5 8 22 7 4 6
16 2 15 7 27 13 25 3 11 21 5 9
17 32 30 28 27 26 25 24 22 21 20
18 16 5 14 3 13 25 4 11 7 10
19 32 30 28 27 26 25 24 22 21
20 8 3 7 27 13 5 6 11
21 32 10 4 9 26 25 8
22 16 15 14 27 13 25 12
23 32 30 28 27 26 25
24 4 5 7 9 13
25 32 6 28 27
26 16 15 14
27 32 10
28 8 15
29 32
30 16
Total Number
Of
Sequences 14 6 10 16 10 18 6 8 10 6 4 6
From Table 12-3, we see that in a 26-letter original primary component,
decimation interval 5 will yield a complete equivalent primary component of 26
letters, whereas decimation intervals of 4 or 8 will yield 2 chains of 13 each.
In a 24-letter component, decimation interval 5 will also yield a complete
equivalent primary component of 24 letters, but decimation interval 4 will yield
6 chains of 4 letters each, and decimation interval 8 will yield 3 chains of 8
letters each.
It follows that in the case of an original primary component in which the total number of characters is a prime number, all decimation intervals will yield complete equivalent primary components. Table 12-3 omits the prime number sequences from 16-32. [FRE7]
Special circumstances give rise atypical solutions of periodic ciphers. We shall look at four special cases: 1) isologs, 2) 'stagger', 3) long latent repetition and 4) superimposition.
Recall that an Isolog is defined as the exact same plain text message
enciphered by two different keys in the same cryptosystem. Lets use two
monoalphabetic substitution systems to illustrate the point. Assume two messages
are intercepted going from station A to B. B had called for a retransmit because
of some error in transmission. We suspect the messages are the same plaintext
content and they both have the same length. We superimpose one message over the
other:
1. NXGRV MPUOF ZQVCP VWERX QDZVX WXZQE TBDSP VVXJK RFZWH
2. EMLHJ FGVUB PRJNG JKWHM RAPJM KMPRW ZTAXG JJMCD HBPKY
chaining from 1 to 2: NE>EW>WK>KD>DA ......
1. ZUWLU IYVZQ FXOAR
2. PVKIV QOJPR BMUSH
Next we initiate a chain of ciphertext equivalents (reducing
the common letter) from message 1 to message 2, yielding:
*
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 N
E W K D A S X M F B T Z P G L I Q R H Y O U
* * * * *
24 25 26
V J C
With some experimentation, we find the Key word QUESTIONABLY and the
decimation interval of +5 Modulo 26. The complete 26 letter chain was available
for reconstruction, but this is not a requirement.
Why is it possible to reconstruct the primary component and solve the above two messages without having any plain text at all? Since the plain text of both messages is the same, the relative displacement of the same primary components in the case of message 1 differs from the relative displacement of the same primary components in message 2 by a FIXED interval. Therefore, the distance between N and E (1st two cipher letters of the two messages) on the primary component, regardless of what plaintext letter these two cipher letters represent, is the same distance between E and W (18th letters), W and K (17th letters), and so forth. Thus this fixed interval permits the establishing of a complete chain of letters separated by constant intervals and this chain becomes an equivalent primary component.
To solve, we take the frequency distributions of message 1 and 2:
E S T I O
1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 3 7 4 6 1 6
1: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
E S T I O
2 3 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 7 4 1 6 1 1 7 1 4 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1
2: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
We set up two key word mixed alphabets and slide against each other. With
some trial and error we find:
NABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZQUESTIO
QUESTIONABLYCDFGHJKMPRVWXZ
The plain text reads:
Five squadrons must be in position by H plus six zero two at Jackson Ridge.The same procedure is applied on two repeating key ciphers suspected of being Isologs:
Message 1 YHYEX UBUKA PVLLT ABUVV DYSAB PCQTU NGKFA ZEFIZ BDJEZ ALVID TROQS UHAFK Message 2 CGSLZ QUBMN CTYBV HLQFT FLRHL MTAIQ ZWMDQ NSDWN LCBLQ NETOC VSNZR BJNOQThe first step is to find the length of the period. The usual method fails for lack of long repetitions and the digraphs are not promising. We use the Principle of Superimposition to get a hold on the period for both cryptograms.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 Y H Y E X U B U K A P V L L T A B U V V D Y S A B P C Q T U C G S L Z Q U B M N C T Y B V H L Q F T F L R H L M T A I Q 313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960 N G K F A Z E F I Z B D J E Z A L V I D T R O Q S U H A F K Z W M D Q N S D W N L C B L Q N E T O C V S N Z R B J N O QWe employ a subterfuge based upon the theory of factoring. We search for cases of identical superimposition. We have:
4 44 6 18 30
E and E are separated by 40 letters, U, U and U which
L L Q Q Q
are separated by 12 letters. We factor these intervals as if they were
ordinary repetitions. The most frequent factor should correspond to the period.
We are dealing with Isologs. The plain text is the same in both messages, so the
principle of identity of superimposition can only be the result of identity of
encipherments by identical cipher alphabets. The same relative position in the
keying cycle has been reached in both cases of the identity. The distance
between identical superimpositions must be equal to or a multiple of the length
of the period. The following is the complete set of superimposed pairs:
Repetition Interval Factors
EL - EL 40 2,4,5,8,10,20
UQ - UQ -UQ 12 2,3,4,6
UB - UB 48 2,3,4,6,,8,12,24
KM - KM 24 2,3,4,6,12
AN -AN -AN 36/12 2,3,4,6;9,12,18
VT -VT -VT 8/28 2,4; 2,4,7,14
TV - TV 36 2,3,4,6,9,12,18
AH - AH 8 2,4
BL -BL -BL 8/16 2,4,;8
SR - SR 32 2,4,8,16
FD - FD 4 2
ZN - ZN 4 2
DC - DC 8 2, 4
Only the factors 2 and 4 are common. We discard 2 as improbable. We break
up the message into groups of four.
1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234
1. YHYE XUBU KAPV LLTA BUVV DYSA BPCQ TUNG 2. CGSL ZQUB
MNCT YBVH LQFT FLRH LMTA IQZW
* * * *
1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234
1. KFAZ EFIZ BDJE ZALV IDTR OQSU HAFK
2. MDQN SDWN LCBL QNET OCVS NZRB JNOQ
We develop a decipherment Tableaux:
0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
------------------------------------------------------
1 L F S J O M Y N I Z C Q
2 N C D G B M Z Q L
3 Q U T O W B E Z C R V F S
4 H L W Q A S B T N
------------------------------------------------------
Using the meyhods previously described, we build up the equivalent primary
component and combine our digrams.BL, DF, ES, HJ, IO, KM, LY, ON,TI, XZ, YC, ZQ. BLYC .DF TION XZQ(U) [ES]TION(A)BLY CDF (G) H JKM(P) (R) (V) XZIt is not a long jump to a key word QUESTIONABLY and the equivalent primary component:
Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X ZThe fact that the original primary component was exposed was pure chance, it could have been an equivalent primary sequence alphabet.
From here we apply the completion of the plain-component sequence using the
high frequency letter assortments. For the first message:
Gen Alphabet 1 Alphabet 2 Alphabet 3 Alphabet 4 1 YXKLBDBTKE 1HUALUYPUFF 5YBPTVSCNAI EUVAVAQGZZ 2 2CZMYLFLIMS 4JEBYECREGG 5CLRIWTDABO SEWBWBUHQQ 3 2DQPCYGYOPT 3KSLCSDVSHH 3DYVOXIFBLN TSXLXLEJUU 4 4FURDCHCNRI MTYDTFWTJJ 3FCWNZOGLYA ITZYZYSKEE 5 3GEVFDJDAVO PICFIGXIKK GDXAQNHYCB OIQCQCTMSS 6 2HSWGFKFBWN 4RODGOHZOMM HFZBUAJCDL 5NOUDUDIPTT 7 JTXHGMGLXA VNFHNJQNPP JGQLEBKDFY 8ANEFEFORII* 8 KIZJHPHYZB WAGJAKUARR 1KHUYSLMFGC 6BASGSGNVOO 9 MOQKJRJCQL XBHKBMEBVV 2MJECTYPGHD 5LBTHTHAWNN 10 PNUMKVKDUY ZLJMLPSLWW PKSDICRHJF YLIJIJBXAA 11 4RAEPMWMFEC QYKPYRTYXX RMTFODVJKG CYOKOKLZBB 12 3VBSRPXPGSD UCMRCVICZZ 2VPIGNFWKMH 2DCNMNMYQLL 13 4WLTVRZRHTF EDPVDWODQQ WROHAGXMPJ 2FDAPAPCUYY 14 XYIWVQVJIG 3SFRWFXNFUU XVNJBHZPRK 3GFBRBRDECC 15 ZCOXWUWKOH TGVXGZAGEE ZWAKLJQRVM 1HGLVLVFSDD 16 QDNZXEXMNJ IHWZHQBHSS QXBMYKUVWP 1JHYWYWGTFF 17 UFAQZSZPAK OJXQJULJTT UZLPCMEWXR KJCXCXHIGG 18 EGBUQTQRBM NKZUKEYKII EQYRDPSXZV MKDZDZJOHH 19 3SHLEUIUVLP 5AMQEMSCMOO SUCVFRTZQW PMFQFQKNJJ 20 6TJYSEOEWYR? 4BPUSPTDPNN TEDWGVIQUX RPGUGUMAKK 21 IKCTSNSXCV 8LRETRIFRAA* ISFXHWOUEZ 3VRHEHEPBMM 22 5OMDITATZDW? 3YVSIVOGVBB OTGZJXNESQ WVJSJSRLPP 23 NPFOIBIQFX 3CWTOWNHWLL NIHQKZASTU XWKTKTVYRR 24 5ARGNOLOUGZ? DXINXAJXYY AOJUMQBTIE ZXMIMIWCVV 25 4BVHANYNEHQ FZOAZBKZCC 5BNKEPULIOS QZPOPOXDWW 26 LWJBACASJU GQNBQLMQDD 7LAMSREYONT* UQRNRNZFXXWe choose generatrices 20/22/24; 21; 26; 7 because of the highest two category scores. it is not much of a jump to find Alphabet 1 generatrix as alphabet 24:
1 2 3 4
A L L A
R R A N
G E M E
N T S F
O R R E
L I E F
O F Y O
U R O R
G A N I
Z A T I
From a Vigenere Square (Figure 12-1) based on the keyword QUESTIONABLY, we
find the key words SOUP for message 1 and TIME for message 2.
S O U P S O U P S O U P S O U P S O U P S O U P
----------------------------------------------------
Y H Y E X U B U K A P L L L T A B U V V D Y S A
A L L A R R A N G E M E N T S F O R R E L I E F
B P C Q T U N G K F A Z E F I Z B D J E Z A L V
O F Y O U R O R G A N I Z A T I O N H A V E B E
I D T R O Q S U H A F K
E N S U S P E N D E D X
T I M E T I M E T I M E T I M E T I M E T I M E
____________________________________________________
C G S L Z Q U B M N C T Y B V H L Q F T F L R H
A L L A R R A N G E M E N T S F O R R E L I E F
L M T A I Q Z W M D Q N S D W N L C B L Q N E T
O F Y O U R O R G A N I Z A T I O N H A V E B E
O C V S N Z R B J N O Q
E N S U S P E N D E D X
Figure 12-1
Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z
U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q
E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U
S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E
T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S
I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T
O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I
N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O
A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N
B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A
L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B
Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L
C D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y
D F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C
F G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D
G H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F
H J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G
J K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H
K M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J
M P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K
P R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M
R V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P
V W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R
W X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V
X Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W
Z Q U E S T I O N A B L Y C D F G H J K M P R V W X
The example previous had two keywords the same lengths. The Method of
Superimposition works with Keywords of different lengths. Friedman works an
interesting example:
Message 1
VMYZG EAUNT PKFAY JIZMB UMYKB VFIVV
SEOAF SKXKR YWCAC ZORDO ZRDEF BLKFE
SMKSF AFEKV QURCM YZVOX VABTA YYUOA
YTDKF ENWNT DBQKU LAJLZ IOUMA BOAFS
KXQPU YMJPW QTDBT OSIYS MIYKU ROGMW
CTMZZ VMVAJ
Message 2
ZGANW IOMOA CODHA CLRLP MOQOJ EMOQU
DHXBY UQMGA UVGLQ DBSPU OABIR PWXYM
OGGFT MRHVF GWKNI VAUPF ABRVI LAQEM
ZDJXY MEDDY BOSVM PNLGX XDYDO PXBYU
QMNKY FLUYY GVPVR DNCZE KJQOR WJXRV
GDKDS XCEEC.
Both messages permit factoring at periods of 4 and 6 letters,
respectively. Superimposing the two messages and marking the position of each
letter in the corresponding period, we have:
12341 23412 34123 41234 12341 23412
No. 1 VMYZG EAUNT PKFAY JIZMB UMYKB VFIVV
No. 2 ZGANW IOMOA CODHA CLRLP MOQOJ EMOQU
12345 61234 56123 45612 34561 23456
34123 41234 12341 23412 34123 41234
No. 1 SEOAF SKXKR YWCAC ZORDO ZRDEF BLKFE
No. 2 DHXBY UQMGA UVGLQ DBSPU OABIR PWXYM
12345 61234 56123 45612 34561 23456
12341 23412 34123 41234 12341 23412
No. 1 SMKSF AFEKV QURCM YZVOX VABTA YYUOA
No. 2 OGGFT MRHVF GWKNI VAUPF ABRVI LAQEM
12345 61234 56123 45612 34561 23456
34123 41234 12341 23412 34123 41234
No. 1 YTDKF ENWNT DBQKU LAJLZ IOUMA BOAFS
No. 2 ZDJXY MEDDY BOSVM PNLGX XDYDO PXBYU
12345 61234 56123 45612 34561 23456
12341 23412 34123 41234 12341 23412
No. 1 KXQPU YMJPW QTDBT OSIYS MIYKU ROGMW
No. 2 QMNKY FLUYY GVPVR DNCZE KJQOR WJXRV
12345 61234 56123 45612 34561 23456
34123 41234
No. 1 CTMZZ VMVAJ.
No. 2 GDKDS XCEEC.
12345 61234
What is neat about this superimposition is that we can establish secondary
alphabets by distributing the letters from the 12 different superimposed pairs
of numbers. The 1 - 1 superimposition is placed in the tableau at the 0 - 1 row,
column in the tableaux.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617181920212223242526
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
---------------------------------------------------
1-1 I J P D Q G C E K O R Z
2-2 H V N G U W E D M L X
3-3 E M X G I D J N R A O
4-4 X O C D K A F Y Q V N
1-5 B T W L R E M N Y U A
2-6 M O I C D U V F R
3-1 O G R L P S D Z
4-2 L P H U V E D M F
1-3 Q J V W K O X Y M A
2-4 B J X P O A F Y D
3-5 N R Y B C G Q S
4-6 M L O S U V W X
---------------------------------------------------
We construct the complete equivalent primary component:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617181920212223242526
I T K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y
Ok. We have the cipher component. Is it normal? reversed? Mixed? Same
questions for the plain component sequence. We assume that the primary plain
component is normal direct sequence. We attempt to solve and fail. Normal
reverse will also fail. We assume a K3 situation, i.e. the plain and cipher
components are identical. Again the test fails. We assume that the plain is in
reverse mode. Nope. So we have a K4 situation, both primary components are
different mixed sequences.
Message 1 transcribed into periods of four letters.
Message 1 VMYZ GEAU NTPK FAYJ IZMB UMYK BVFI VVSE OAFS KXKR YWCA CZOR DOZR DEFB LKFE SMKS FAFE KVQU RCMY ZVOX VABT AYYU OAYT DKFE NWNT DBQK ULAJ LZIO UMAB OAFS KXQP UYMJ PWQT DBTO SIYS MIYK UROG MWCT MZZV MVAJThe Uniliteral frequency distributions for the four secondary alphabets are shown in 1A-4A. We have the reconstructed cipher alphabet, 1B-4b shows the sequences rearranged.
1 1 1 5 2 1 1 3 2 4 2 3 1 1 2 5 3 1 1
1A A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
6 2 1 2 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 5 4 2 2 4
2A A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
4 1 2 7 1 2 3 1 3 1 4 1 1 7 2
3A A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 3 4 1 4 4 2 1 3 4 5 3 1 1 1 1
4A A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 3 2 1 1 4 1 5 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 3 1
1B I T K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y
2 1 2 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 6 2 1 5 1 2
2B I T K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y
1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 4 7 2 1 4 3 7
3B I T K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y
1 5 4 1 1 3 4 3 4 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 1
4B I T K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y
We now shift 1B-4B for superimposition and combine the distributions. The
latter distributions may be combined so as to yield a single monoalphabetic
distribution for the entire message. In other words, the polyalphabetic message
can be converted into monoalphabetic terms, and thereby simplifying the
situation considerably.
1 3 2 1 1 4 1 5 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 3 1
1B I T K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y
2 1 1 6 2 1 5 1 2 2 1 2 4 3 2
2B E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y I T K N P Z H M W B Q 2 1 1
2 3 1 4 7 2 1 4 3 7
3B K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y I T
1 1 3 4 3 4 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 5 4
4B P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y I T K N
6 2 5 4 2 7 15 9 2 21 9 6 410 3 1 1 7 2 918 9 1
1B-4B I T K N P Z H M W B Q E U L F C S J A X R G D V O Y
combinedH M L R S O A I Y N E T
Plain
Equiv's
I have converted 2B-4B into terms of 1B. The 2 E's of 2B add to 1B I. The
two K's of alphabet 3 becomes I's and the N becomes a T, and so forth. We solve
the monoalphabetic cipher.
12341 23412 34123 41234 12341 23412
ENEMY HASCA PTURE DHILL ONETW OONEO
VDVTG ISWNZ KOFMV LIRZZ UDVOB UUDVU
URTRO OPSHA VEDUG INAND CANHO LDFOR
FMOMU UKWIS YVLFC RDSDL NSDIU ZLJUM
ANHOU RORPO SSIBL YLONG ERREQ UESTR
SDIUF MUMKU WWRPZ GZUDC VMMVA FVWOM
EINFO RCEME NTSTO PADDI TIONA LTROO
VVDJU MNVTV DOWOU KSLLR ORDUS ZOMUU
PSSHO ULDBE SENTV IAGEO RGETO WNFRE
KWWIU FZLPV WVDOY RSCVU MCVOU BDJMV
DERIC KROAD.
LVMRN XMUSL.
Having the plain text, the derivation of the plain or equivalent plain
component is straightforward. We may base the reconstruction upon any of the
secondary alphabets, since the plaintext - ciphertext relationship is known
directly, and the primary cipher component is at hand. So:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526 H M P C B L . R S W . . O D U G A F Q K I Y N E T V with Key words of STAR and OCEANS for messages 1 and 2.
This example shows the power of the method of superimposition and conversion of a polyalphabetic cipher to monoalphabetic terms. This conversion is possible because the sequence of letters forming the cipher component has been reconstructed and was known, and the uniliteral distributions for the respective secondary cipher alphabets could theoretically be shifted to correct superimpositions for monoalphabeticity. The data was sufficient to give proper indications for alignment of the alphabets and relative displacements. The chi test could also have been brought to bear to match columns. The above constitutes the necessary and sufficient conditions to convert theory to actuality.
The principle of superimposition continues to work for us even when the primary components are different, and the repeating keys are of different lengths.
There are two general attacks. The first is a slight modification of the procedures previously discussed. We first factor the messages, then superimpose the messages on a width of the least common multiple, then create a reconstruction matrix based on the cipher values. We must limit our observations to within the matrix, because the given messages are different and therefore the indirect symmetry does not extend to the 0 or assumed plain line. The wrinkle in the fabric is we must restrict our observations to a homogeneous set of lines, like 1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4 etc. From this data, we reduce the reconstruction matrix to a smaller set and solve for the equivalent primary component. It is possible to invert the matrix so that values for the second message will yield its equivalent primary component.
It is not necessary to recognize the plain text to solve a problem involving
Isologs. The next cryptanalytic attack is applicable for many types of ciphers.
The procedure exposes latent letter relationships and reduces the imposed chaos
of the cryptogram. Given:
Message 1
BWXPS OBYII UYHLF KFSOP VGEYW PBVXO
UGJPB WDXUG HSWDH KHKHC UAYKP NFSPD
OBBYB INKFL WABOX PJXUV WKFXR WXYWS
SDYZQ ZHETA JXXZW XJROS PDEEW OJONK
GIRXR WUYDK NTJWR EVBUR DLISJ BLCKK
FODEV DYZQZ SHCTW DIEXZ
Factoring gives us periods of 4 and 5 for messages 1 and 2, respectively.
We write out the messages on a width of the least common multiple of 20.
Message 2
JNLEJ HWUAH JHUIV YNCHC HLPKD EWZJJ
JNAHB HZBIM TUBQE FJAKM JVBEF XNCTL
FAAKV KIABG CVFNY FWBIQ GERSA TZUSD
SXBUD SHAWA YXLJD CQLED HXGZL ZWHNB
VTJSA TSUUC MIAKK JEMIY DSKGB VTJYC
XYLZE CXLSU MVMND ONFJY
12341 23412 34123 41234 20
BWXPS OBYII UYHLF KFSOP
JNLEJ HWUAH JHUIV YNCHC
12345 12345 12345 12345
A A A
12341 23412 34123 41234 40
VGEYW PBVXO UGJPB WDXUG
HLPKD EWZJJ JNAHB HZBIM
12345 12345 12345 12345
A A
12341 23412 34123 41234 60
HSWDH KHKHC UAYKP NFSPD
TUBQE FJAKM JVBEF XNCTL
12345 12345 12345 12345
A
12341 23412 34123 41234 80
OBBYB INKFL WABOX PJXUV
FAAKG KIABG CVFNY FWBIQ
12345 12345 12345 12345
A A A A
12341 23412 34123 41234 100
WQFXR WXYWS SDYZQ ZHETA
GERSA TZUSD SXBUD SHAWA
12345 12345 12345 12345
12341 23412 34123 41234 120
JXXZW XJROS PDEEW OJONK
YXLJD CQLED HXGZL ZWHNB
12345 12345 12345 12345
12341 23412 34123 41234 140
GIRXR WUYDK NTJWR EVBUR
VTJSA TSUUC MIAKK JEMIY
12345 12345 12345 12345
A A A
12341 23412 34123 41234 160
DLISJ BLCKK FODEV DYZQZ
DSKGB VTJYC XYLZE CXLSU
12345 12345 12345 12345
A
12341 23412 170
SHCTW DIEXZ
MVMND ONFJY
12345 12345
A
We arbitrarily assign the value of A(plain) as the first letter of the
plain text. Since in message 1, B(cipher)= A(plain), then every B(cipher) in
alphabet 1 must equal A(plain); these values are entered in the table above.
Also the 65th and 73rd letter of message 1 are A(plain), this establishes that
in message 2, G(cipher) in alphabet 5 and F(cipher) in alphabet 3 are also
A(plain); we enter these values. Similarly, every J(cipher) in alphabet 1 of
message 2 equals A(plain). We continue the process and recover all the A(plains)
of the pseudo-plain text with the resulting worksheet shown above.
We arbitrarily assign the value of B(plain) to the V(cipher) at the 21st
position of message 1. The other V(cipher) of message number 1 establishes the
E(cipher) of message 2 also as a B(plain). This procedure of arbitrary
assignments is continued until all the cipher letters of alphabet 1 of message
1, are placed. we are able to reduce most of the text to monoalphabetic terms.
The worksheet is as follows:
12341 23412 34123 41234 20
BWXPS OBYII UYHLF KFSOP
JNLEJ HWUAH JHUIV YNCHC
12345 12345 12345 12345
ACHDIIFCK ACCA FME D
12341 23412 34123 41234 40
VGEYW PBVXO UGJPB WDXUG
HLPKD EWZJJ JNAHB HZBIM
12345 12345 12345 12345
B CE F LI AMF F BHOAM
12341 23412 34123 41234 60
HSWDH KHKHC UAYKP NFSPD
TUBQE FJAKM JVBEF XNCTL
12345 12345 12345 12345
CEOOC D FCM AJODB MEBO
12341 23412 34123 41234 80
OBBYB INKFL WABOX PJXUV
FAAKG KIABG CVFNY FWBIQ
12345 12345 12345 12345
DGFCA IFMA OJAIH DFOA
12341 23412 34123 41234 100
WQFXR WXYWS SDYZQ ZHETA
GERSA TZUSD SXBUD SHAWA
12345 12345 12345 12345
EB EJ CHCEE LOOHE LCF J
12341 23412 34123 41234 120
JXXZW XJROS PDEEW OJONK
YXLJD CQLED HXGZL ZWHNB
12345 12345 12345 12345
FOHLE O HDE BOPFO FIIF
12341 23412 34123 41234 140
GIRXR WUYDK NTJWR EVBUR
VTJSA TSUUC MIAKK JEMIY
12345 12345 12345 12345
G EJ CACHD IIFC ABGAH
12341 23412 34123 41234 160
DLISJ BLCKK FODEV DYZQZ
DSKGB VTJYC XYLZE CXLSU
12345 12345 12345 12345
HAM F G ND HFC OOHEL
12341 23412 170
SHCTW DIEXZ
MVMND ONFJY
12345 12345
IJGIE MALH
The solution is continued by setting up sequence recon- struction matrices for both messages. The 0 line represents the pseudo-plain text and the values inside the matrix being cipher text.
0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ------------------------------------------------------ 1 B V H O W J G D S R I X F K Y E 2 L Q W K S E B Z O H C X 3 U P V Q B C X N S I W 4 E W Y P X K R T A Z G D ------------------------------------------------------- 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ------------------------------------------------------ 1 J H T F G Y V D M S C 2 S E H U W A Z I V N X 3 F U C A M L H K B G 4 I T K E S Z U N A J B Y Q 5 G F E C D B Y J A U M L ------------------------------------------------------From the above we chain out the equivalent primary components used for each message. Having reconstructed the cipher component for each message, the alphabets are aligned, combined and reduced to monoalphabetic terms. After solution of these messages, we find message 1 is a case of direct symmetry with the cipher component based on the keyword HYDRAULIC, and message 2 is a case of indirect symmetry with both components being keyword-mixed sequences based on our favorite keyword QUESTIONABLY. Friedman points out that the keywords are prime to each other (9 vs 11). Primality is not a necessary condition for solution based on this procedure. [FRE7]
The method of Arbitrary Reduction is very powerful and works in other ares besides solving periodic polyalphabetic ciphers. It represents a workable approach where the cryptosystem involves nonrelated, random-mixed secondary alphabets among which no symmetry of any sort exists!
Given two messages with group counts nearly identical and two isologous initial fragments which are identical except by one letter (called a 'stagger') we can solve the isologous portions of the messages and recover the primary cipher component by the process of indirect symmetry. Transmission garble usually creates stagger messages. Machine cipher systems sometimes produce these when a word separator is added. Staggers may be progressively larger as further word separators are omitted or added.
Given:
Message A
* *
ZFWAY ITBVX XWZQV PEBGS GGFIZ TUAMF
RFEQX PEPPO PCNBP QPOTX VNAIH HVRXC
NHVGM FRFSI ESQMV
*
Message B
* *
ZFWAY ITBVX XWZQV PDRKF USVAG XLJKC
NDVPR OWBRH YFJMS HRFVS BAHWG ZFAJO
JMFAV CNDVD ORZPH A
*
We note that both messages have the same 16 letter beginnings and that
message B is 1 letter longer than message A. Note that the tetragraphs MFRF (29)
and (65) are spaced 1 less letter than CNDV at (30) and (66). The D in position
17 of message 2 is the extra letter.
Starting from the E in position 17 of message 1, we superimpose message one
over message 2 starting at the R in position 18. [We use a period of 6 because
the tetragraph delta equals 36 which factors into 3,4,6 and 9; 6 is confirmed
via the message.]
Note that B(cipher) of: alphabet 2 is under E(cipher) of alphabet 1;
V(cipher) of: alphabet 3 is under F(cipher) of alphabet 2;
P(cipher) of: alphabet 4 is under E(cipher) of alphabet 1.
From this point on solution follows the normal path of reconstruction,
keyword recovery and combination of alphabets, reduction to monoalphabetic terms
and solution by frequency analysis.
The stagger procedure applies to a periodic cryptogram which contains a long passage repeated in its plain text, the second occurrence occurring at a point in the keying cycle different from the first occurrence. If the passage is long enough, the equivalencies from the two corresponding sequences may be chained together to yield an equivalent primary component. In effect, we by-pass the solution by frequency analysis or making assumptions in the plain text of a polygraphic cipher.
In solving an ordinary repeating-key cipher the first step, ascertaining the length of the period, is a relatively minor consideration. It paves the way for the second step, which consists of allocating the letters of the cryptogram into individual monoalphabetic distributions. The third step is to solve these distributions. The text is transcribed into its periods and written out in successive lines corresponding to the length of the period. The columns of letters as a series belong to the same monoalphabet.
We also can see the letters as transcribed into superimposed periods; in such a case the letters in each column have undergone the same kind of treatment by the same elements (plain and cipher components of the cipher alphabet.)
If we have a case of a very long repeating key and a short message ( few cycles in the text) we have a difficult problem. But supposing there were several short cryptograms enciphered by the same key, each message beginning at identical starting points in the key. We can superimpose these messages "in flush depth" or "head on" and know that 1) the letters in the columns belong to the same individual alphabets, 2) and that if there are enough messages (about 25-30 in English), then the frequency distributions applicable to the successive columns of text can be solved - without knowing the length of the key. Any difficulties that may have arisen because we were not able to factor the problem correctly are circumvented. The second step of the normal solution to the problem is by-passed. The assumption of probable initial words of messages and stereotyped beginnings is a powerful method of attack in such situations. Since the superimposed texts in these cases comprise only the beginnings of messages, assumptions of probable words are more easily made than when words are sought in the interior of the messages. Some common introductory words are REQUEST, REFER, ENEMY, WHAT, WHEN, and SEND. High frequency initial digraphs will manifest themselves in the first two columns of the superimposed diagram. The high frequency RE diagram manifests itself in such words as REQUEST, REQUIRE, REFERENCE, REFERRING, REQUISITIONS, REPEAT, RECOMMEND, REPORT, RECONNAISSANCE, REINFORCEMENTS and perhaps REGIMENT. (I assume the military text here.)
This same superimposition principle applies even if the messages start at different initial points, providing the messages can be correctly superimposed, so that the letters which fall in one column really belong to one cipher alphabet. The superimposed messages are said to be "in depth." The chi test may be used to advantage in finding and combining columns of the superimposed diagram which were enciphered by identical keys, thus assisting in the analysis of frequencies of larger samples than were available before the amalgamation. [FRE7]
In summary, we have seen that the chaining process between cipher texts applies to the latent characteristics of the cipher components, regardless of the identity of the plain components and regardless whether direct or indirect symmetry is involved in the cryptosystems. The principle of super- imposition ranks as one of the most important principles of cryptanalysis. A pretty impressive tool.
Thanks to BOZOL for the quick response and correct too!
11.1 Vigenere. Key= SLEEP. "Any reputable physician will
agree..
11.2 Beaufort. Key = SILENCE. "Although every one may not
subscribe to ..
11.3 Variant. Key = IMPSHGXW (HINSNOTI). Because of the
many pressures... [the correct key is SOLITUDE]
11.4 GRONSFELD. 6-3-8-4-0. "Too much discussion, especially..
11.5 BEAUFORT. Key = OCCUPATION. "Almost every man has a
job, many find..
BOZOL reports that the tip did not help him and that the
first pass at the key was ORCUPATMON which he mystically
came up with organization.
12.1 Nihilist Substitution
74 46 66 44 79 47 45 37 58 66 37 60 25 54 33 69 78 35 68 27
47 36 28 88 36 60 33 48 43 29 87 35 49 57 76 37 37 88 36 60
33 77 74 50 86 55 47 27 76 45 40 55 56 58 66 78 57 30 94 58
38 26 55 57 59 88 56 79 46 46 66 60 58 55 48 56. (DGGLWLRQ,
ends WXEOIW)
12.2 Nihilist Substitution
38 76 54 76 64 76 76 54 74 55 35 76 77 76 47 58 76 85 74 44
65 88 63 74 47 36 95 74 63 44 37 58 57 96 65 36 66 85 74 63
55 79 53 67 57 56 58 64 67 67 56 67 57 74 55 55 57 86 03 43
46 67 73 96 67 39. (ETARVQITCO, ends HSMX)
12.3 PORTA
QLAMU CHQGO FTESV XKEWC GMXPH
UCLUS WSGXT EVURH TMTSU TKVSQ GCQCW
LHMDX NUFUE EFXRF XPHUN RGPKC OXULB
BBCUS IBBHW. (HAVE)
12.4 PORTA
XFXYW ZJICZ IBUZN HJXEA ACWBE
JOOCZ UPXFQ BXHFI CGMAZ KVQEG BBCAF
KLLXF BVOUN TSAYZ KKXLR CWAJC LVVVI
XNBFQ JVWBW BSWEY VUNGX ODFRZ PTEWO
PJQNH WZPNA YRCLV YYWCQ ULOJB VK. (GSRWXERX)
12.5 PORTAX
UXCUD ZMVBA FWWPV DIKDO JISMA
WRBBA YLOYX AKUXR JGDCJ MYAPV RJWJA
DMUKL KLUAM KAOEN YBFCC IQGFK QZAA. (PQXKEG)
12.6 PORTAX
WWQPE JBDTM TMNWH CTJSW WKIAC
BJKWL YHBYN OAKRZ PDYZM DIVGB QKNJP
RNSRU FXWMU TKMJS KDNLW WFHKR JSCVF
HTJIS JD. (UHDOLCH)
12.7 GROMARK
HPMZU IBQHI SDHHH JKUNC OYJSC
24106
RBLOF REXTG EXAZA ILAXX XHFNH CDUYQ
YUOMQ NVOIN XYMBR WAHNT FGPFB DOOMA
CWHDH JXTTX CJIUR PVMZR EILDZ QJJTT
ILNNP TREVL BQLL. ( tip: UCAUKYKUJK; ends tivpw.)
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[CRY3] MINIMAX, "Problems in Cryptanalysis - A Transposition
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[CRY4] FAUSTUS, "Science of Cryptanalysis," AS32, The
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[CRY5] FAUSTUS, "Science of Cryptanalysis,The " JA91, The
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[DAGA] D'agapeyeff, Alexander, "Codes and Ciphers," Oxford
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[EIIC] Ei'ichi Hirose, ",Finland ni okeru tsushin joho," in
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[GRI2] DUN SCOTUS,"Binary Number Grille," JA60, The
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[GRI3] S-TUCK,"Grille Solved By the Tableaux Method," DJ42,
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[GRI4] The SQUIRE,"More About Grilles," ON40,DJ40, The
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1940.
[GRI5] OMAR,"Rotating Grille Cipher," FM41, The Cryptogram,
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[GRI6] S-TUCK,"Solving The Grille. A New Tableaux Method,"
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1944.
[GRI7] LABRONICUS,"Solving The Turning Grille," JF88, The
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[GRI8] BERYL,"The Turning Grille," ND92, The Cryptogram,
American Cryptogram Association, 1992.
[GRI9] SHERLAC and S-TUCKP,"Triangular Grilles," ON45, The
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[GRIA] SHERLAC,"Turning Grille," ON49, The Cryptogram,
American Cryptogram Association, 1949.
[GRIB] DUN SCOTUS,"Turning (by the numbers)," SO61, The
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[GRIC] LEDGE,"Turning Grille (Novice Notes)," JA77, The
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[GRO1] DENDAI, DICK," Analysis of Gromark Special,"ND74, The
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[GRO4] PHOENIX," Computer Column: Gronsfeld -> Gromark,"
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[GRO7] DUMBO," Gromark Cipher," MA69, JA69, The Cryptogram,
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[GRO8] DAN SURR," Gromark Club Solution," MA75, The
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[GRO9] B.NATURAL," Keyword Recovery in Periodic Gromark,"
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[GROA] D.STRASSE," Method For Determining Term of Key," MA75,
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[GROC] DUMBO," Periodic Gromark ," MA73, The Cryptogram,
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[GROD] ROGUE," Periodic Gromark ," SO73, The Cryptogram,
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[HOM2] Homophonic: Bilinear Substitution Cipher, Straddling,"
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[HOM3] Homophonic: Computer Column:"Homophonic Solving,"
PHOENIX, The Cryptogram, MA84, American Cryptogram
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[HOM6] Homophonic: "Homophonic Number Cipher," (Novice Notes)
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[IC1 ] GIZMO, "Bifid Period Determination Using a Digraphic
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[IC2 ] PHOENIX, "Computer Column: Applications of the Index
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[IC3 ] PHOENIX, "Computer Column: Digraphic Index of
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[IC4 ] PHOENIX, "Computer Column: Index of Coincidence (IC),
JA82, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association,
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[IC5 ] PHOENIX, "Computer Column: Index of Coincidence,
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Not only well written, clear to understand but as
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[LYNC] Lynch, Frederick D., "Pattern Word List, Vol 1.,"
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with three errors in cipher text, that I have
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[NIH2] PHOENIX," Computer Column: Nihilist Substitution,"
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Text converted to HTML on June 29, 1998 by Joe Peschel.
Any mistakes you find are quite likely mine. Please let me know about them by
e-mailing:
jpeschel@aol.com.
Thanks.
Joe Peschel
